MALCOLM, mill'kom. The name of four Kings of Scotland. MALCOLM MACDONALD suc ceeded to the throne on the abdication of Con stantine II. in 943. The most important event of his reign was the cession of Cumbria about 945 by the English monarch Edmund I. Mal colm was slain about 954 while engaged in quelling a revolt in the north of Scotland.—MAL coLm ALkCKENNETII was a grandson of the pre ceding. He ascended the throne in 1005. His life was passed chiefly in repelling the incursions of the Danes. He died in 1034. A collection of laws, the Leges Malcolnii MaeKenneth, has been attributed to him, but is obviously a work of a later age.—MaLcoLm MAcDt7.Ncas, surnamed Cannfore, ascended the throne on the death of Macbeth (q.v.) in 1054, being the son of Dun can whom Macbeth slew. After William of Normandy had seated himself qn the English throne, many noble Saxons sought refuge at the Scottish Court, among them being Edgar Athe ling, nearest of kin to the Confessor, with his mother. Agatha, and his sisters. Margaret and Christina. Margaret, who was young, beautiful, and pious, captivated the heart of the Scottish King, and a marriage quickly followed. Mal colm's new relations, however, unfortunately, em broiled him with the Normans. In 1070 he crossed the border, harried Northumberland and Yorkshire, hut was soon obliged to retreat. William the Conqueror retaliated in 1072, and wasted Scotland as far as the Tay. At Aber nethy, Malcolm was compelled to acknowledge him as his liege lord. but (as the Scottish
historians hold) only for such parts of his dominions as had belonged to England—viz.. Cumbria and the Lothians. War was waged be tween England and Scotland from 1077 to 1090 and broke out again in 1091. probably at the in stigation of the fugitive Anglo-Saxons and the discontented Normans, who had been pouring into Scotland during the iron reign of William. and had obtained large grants of land from the Scot tish monarch. Nothing of note, however, hap pened, and peace was again concluded; but not long after there was a fresh rupture. and in I093 Malcolm again crossed the border, and laid siege to Alnwiek; but while so engaged ho was suddenly attacked, defeated, and slain, on November 13, 1093.—INIALcouf, surnamed 'The Maiden' ( 1141-651, was a grandson of David I.,and succeeded that monarch in 1153, when only in his twelfth year. He had no sooner mounted the throne than a Celtic insurrection. headed by Somerled, Lord of the Isles, broke out. Some years after, another insurrection broke out among the wild Scots of Galloway,' under their chief, Fergus, to crush which Malcolm had to em ploy a large force. In 1164 he had to put down a second rebellion of Somerled. He died at Jedburgh, of a lingering disease, December 9, 1165. Consult: Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edin burgh, 1976-30) ; Robertson. Early Kings of 8cot land (Edinburgh, 1S62 ; Freeman, Norman Con quest (Oxford, 1807-79).