LOMBARDY, RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE OE. The Renaissance style appears to have been brought into Lombardy about the middle of the fifteenth century by various artists from nor enee,tirbino, and other places south of Lombardy, (4144 among whom were Antonio Averulino, known as Filarete. Donato of Urbino. the great Bramante, Michelozzo and Alberti. of Florence. Filarete was cathedral architect in Milan 1452 54, and there in 1457 laid the first stone of his master work, the Great Hospital (Ospedale Mag giore) ; and began in 1457 also the cathedral of Rerganto. About the same time Michelozzo of Florence built the Portinari chapel of San Eustor gio at Milan. in the new style. Bramante, be tween 1472 and 149S, built in Milan a continua tion of Filarete's Great 'Hospital, the transept and sacristy of San Satiro, the lower part of the transept and choir of Santa Maria della Grazie, and its sacristy; near Milan the facade of Ah Hata Grasso; at Como the nave of the cathedral of Pavia. Alberti had meanwhile planned, and shortly before his death in 1472 begun, the great Renaissance church of San Andrea at Mantua.
This was the period of the rule of the Sforzas in Milan and Pavia, and of the Gonzagas at Mantua, under whom the arts were liberally en couraged, and at Pavia especially a long list of native Lombard artists were employed on the magnificent facade of the Carthusian church (La Certosa), begun in 1396 as a Gothic church, but left with an unfinished front until 1473, when Borgognone began the present facade. Omadeo, who was employed on this work, built also at Bergamo the beautiful Colleoni chapel of S. Maria Maggiore. A few years later the highly ornate church of S. Maria dei'Miracoli at Bres cia, by unknown architects, and the Palazzo Com unale in the same city, by Formentone of Vi cenza, and others (about 1439). carried the style
to the eastern boundary of Lombardy.
Meanwhile a Lombard family, the Solari, had established the style in Venice, so that the early Renaissance style in that city is sometimes known as the Lombardie or Lombardesque style (see LOMBARDI) . Sonic of the other conspicuous monuments of the early Renaissance in this prov ince are the Basta palace at Teglio, the court of the Stanga palace at Cremona, the cathedrals of Como and Bergamo. the interesting brick and terra cotta façades of San Pietro at Modena, of the church of the Madonna della Campagna, and of the Palazzo dei Tribunali at Piacenza, the Vczzani Pratonieri palace at Reggio. and many others. The Middle or High and the Late Re naissance of the sixteenth century produced fewer works than the earlier period; but among these such master works as the Palazzo del Te and the Grand Duke's palace at Mantua. with mag nificent frescoes and stucco enrichments by Giu lio Romano and his school. the Brera palace at Milan, the great church of San Domenico at Bo logna, and the cathedral at Brescia, take high rank.
The style of the Lombard works of the early Renaissance is more ornate, less reserved and majestic and large in scale than that of the Tuscan or Roman schools. This may in part be due to the widely prevalent use of brick and terra cotta, for which the abundance of excellent clay in Lombardy furnished every advantage. It was at its best between 1472 and 1500.
Consult: Burekhardt, Der Cireronc (Leipzig, /900) ; (4eyrniiller. "The School of Bramante." in Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects (1890-91) ; and Dohme, "Nord-italien ische Central-Bauten," in Jahrbuch.
preussischen Kun•tsammlungen (vol. iii.,