SACRAMENTS; COMMUNION IN BOTII Klxus: for fuller exposition of the Roman Catholic teaching, see SlAss; As to the ma terials used, it may be said that bread and wine made from the juice of the grape have always been required, the latter mixed with water in the ancient historic churches; though the sects of the Encratites and Elkesaites substituted water for the wine, and some extreme advocates of total abstinence in modern times have suggested the use of unfermented grape-juiee. The Christians of Saint Thomas in India and the Syrian Chris tians mixed oil and salt with the bread. Un leavened bread has been used in the Western Church from an early date. probably by analogy with the usage of the Passover; the Eastern Church still employs leavened bread. As to the frequency of the observance of the rite, it may he said that it is celebrated very frequently, if not daily. in the Roman Catholic and Eastern churches; in the Anglican communion, the result of the Oxford Movement has been to increase the frequency so that it is generally celebrated bi monthly or weekly, and in many places daily; the Protestant churches have usually reduced it to once a month, Or quarter. or a year. DIDLIOGRAPIIY. Denzinger, EnehiridiOn Sy/n bolo•uni et Dcfinitionum (Wiirzbuin IS54) ; Hogenbach, History of Doctrine. Eng. trans. ( Edinburgh, 1 S92 ) ; Bright..1 sprets of Primitire Church Life (London, 1898) : Mortimer. Catho lic Faith and Practice (Philadelphia, 189$) ; The Eucharistic Sacrifice (New York, 1901) Wiseman. Lectures on the Real Presence (Dublin, 1852) ; Baring-Gould, Our Inheritance (London, 1889) : Hoffmann. Die Abendinahlgedanken Jesu Christi (Klinigsberg, 1S90) : Gardner, Origin of the Lord's Supper (London, 1893) ; Armstrong, Sacraments of the Yew Testament (New York, ISSO) ; Gore, Disscrletions (London, 1895) id.,
The Body of Christ (New York, 1900) ; Wilber force, The Doctrinc of the Holy Eucharist (Lon don, 1853) ; Waterland, neri, lc of the Doctrine of the Eucharist (Cambridge. 1737 ; new ed., London, 1890) ; Maclear, Evidential Value of the Holy Eucharist (London, 1883) : Bicknell. 7'hc Lord's Supper and the Passorer Ritual, Eng. trans. (Edinburgh, 1892) ; Jea•reson. The Holy Eucharist (London, 1898) Slevrick, The Doc trine of the Church of England on Holy Com munion. (2d ed., ib., 1888) ; Kidd. The Later iheliwral Doctrine of the Eucharistic Sacrifice (ib.. 1S9S); Tilley, The Lord's Supper (Edin burgh, 1891) ; Jacob. The Lord's Supper Histori cally Considered (Oxford, 1884) ; Percival, Digest of Theology (Philadelphia. 1892) ; Maenanght, Domini (London, 1878) ; Nevin. The Mys tical Presence of Christ (Philadelphia. 1807) ; Perowne, Doctrine of the Lord's Supper ( London, 1SS7) ; Simile, The Supper of the Lord (ib., 1899) ; Sehultzen. Das .thendmahl inn nenen Tes tament (Gottingen, 1895) ; Bridgett, History of the Holy Eucharist in England (London, 1881) ; Dalgairns, The Holy Communion, Its History, Philosophy, and Practice (Dublin, 1853) ; Wa• nock, Brod mid Wassc• (Leipzig. 1892) ; Zahn, Brod raid Wein (ib., 1892) ; Schaffer, Des Herren mahl (Giite•sloh. 1897) : Thalhofer, Das Opfer des allen and 71Cilell B lidCS (Regensburg, 1870) ; Franzelin, De Eucharistha (Rome. 1S68) ; Spitta. Zur Geschichte des Urchristentums (Gottingen, 1893) ; Thayer, "Recent Discussions Respecting the Lord's Supper," in Journal of Biblical Litera ture, vol. xxiii. (Boston. 1899).