MAN, SCIENCE OF. Especially during the later half of the nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth. scientific methods were extended to the study of man in various aspects. and a series of special sciences relating to different attributes or characters of the human being grew up. Among these are physiology, craniology, psychology, archaeology. sociology, demology. ethnology. and various subdivisions of these, as well as several broader sciences dealing with common attributes of mankind and lower organisms, such as morphology, embryology, ecology, etc. By some writers the several branches of knowledge dealing specifically with the human kind are treated as coordinate and more or less distinct, and by some of these anthropology is applied, as one of the series of coordinate terms, to the science of the human body or somatology. Other writers employ the term anthropology in a more general sense, in cluding within its scope the special sciences deal ing not merely with the human genus, but with men and their works in all their multifarious aspects; and this usage is to be preferred both on logical grounds and in the interests of conven ience. Accordingly the science (or sciences) of man may be defined as equivalent to anthro pology in the broad sense, i.e. as including the various branches of definite knowledge pertain ing to mankind.
In a broad sense, anthropology may be defined as the science of (I) the human organism; (2) the human mind; and (3) the human activities and their products; and these categories correspond respectively with the sciences of (1) somatology; (2) psychology; and (3) demonology. These branches of knowledge are themselves complex. Somatology comprises human anatomy, physi ology (and pathology. etiology, etc.), craniology, embryology, and ecology, in addition to anthro pometry, craniometry, medicine. surgery. con structive hygiene, and other collateral branches; psychology comprises phrenology (of course in the sense of observational knowledge concerning cerebral structure and functions), neurology, etc., together with such collatcrals as psychom
etry. both introspective and experimental psy chology, and the inchoate systems of cerebral cultivation sometimes called psychu•gy; while demology is more definitely organized as (a) esthetolog,y, or the science of arts; (h) tech nology, or the science of industries; (c) sociol ogy, or the science of laws; (d) philology, or the science of languages; and (e) sophiology, or the science of ideas—the last comprising mythology, theology ( in certain aspects ) , philosophy. teleology, and other more or less interrelated systems of thought. There remain certain sciences dealing with special aspects of the field covered by these divisions; thus, ethnology is the special aspect of anthropology pertaining to racial characters and types, while arehaology deals with the prehistoric aspects of somatology, esthetology, and technology so far as these are known through relics. So, also, several of the sciences have commonly recognized descriptive aspects, such as craniagraphy, demography. ethnography, etc. The leading divisions and branches of the science are shown in the accom panying table: . • Manifestly anthropology as thus defined t be tremed in detail within moderate hunts.
Accordingly somatology may be passed over more than mere reference to the treatment of its subdivisions elsewhere; psychology (q.v.) is also treated elsewhere, and needs no special consideration herein beyond constant emphasis of the facts that man is the psychic organism of the known universe, and that his distinctive attributes as a creature and more especially as a creator of natural interactions goiw out. of his essentially unique possession of mentality. Even demology, with its subsciences, easily treated in brief space, since each group of the human activities forms a field of no less extent. than that of ally of the older sciences; hut it may sulliee to outline the science and its subdivisions in terms of that trend of development brought out by a general survey of the human realm.