In more advanced tribes the social regulations are modified partly through recognition of pater nal function (in which the father sometimes as sumes pseudo-maternal functions as in the con vade, q.v.). partly through increase of possessions with the attendant property sense. though still resting on the family basis. The service forming the material test of the Seri groom is commuted into goods already acquired. while the moral test is liquidated in formal ceremonies as among the %ad, or in functions connected with property as among the Carolinian tribes observed by Law son; later mating is limited by possessions either nominally material. as among most tribes, or religious, as among the Kwakiutl, where the con tracting parties balance their totemic or heraldic heritages as a basis for the union; and these customs tend to grow into the purchase and eventually into th,e capture of wives, with con sequent enslavement of women. Concurrently. male as well as female captives are permitted to live with increasing frequency; these may be classed as 'younger' than all their eaptors (i.e. inferior, usually because taken from a tribe deemed of lower totemic rank). when they become permanently solumlinate. or perpetual slaves; or their 'age' (i.e. social status) may be reck oned from date of capture. when they rank as 'younger' than all members of the captor tribe then living. but 'older' than those born sobs, quently. in which ease the slavery is temporary only—and this custom matures in formal adop tion, tends to break down consanguineal barriers. Meantime increase of property (espe cially in live stock) carries growing administra responsibility and tends to enlarge the func tions of the husband. who step by step assumes
control of the household; thus, among the Comp the husband owns the house. field. and growing crops, while the wife owns the harvested crop, the domestic fowls, and the household appurte nanees; while among the Muskevaki the first-born child is named by the father (i.e. after his totem); though in case of its death the right of subsequent naming returns to the mother. The steps attending the transition from maternal organization to the fully developed patriarchal condition, and from family law to property regu lations, are numerous and more or less unlike in different environments, though on the whole the similarities in the various countries exceed the differences; and it is noteworthy that in every stage the regulations are definite, firmly fixed by custom, and controlled by contemporary faiths.
As clearly shown by Fustel de Coulanges, the transition from migratory patriarchy to seden tary civicism was accomplished by glowing recog nition of territorial rights with the reciprocal rights of neighbors; in Central Europe the trans ition was effected through a feudalism well traced by Sir Henry Maine; yet the family long remained the essential social unit through which hereditary aristocracies were maintained. The accompanying transformation in motive was largely guided by a revolution in faith which need not be traced; nor is it needful to pursue the consequent transformation whereby the in dividual and the State are becoming the funda mental social factors, with family and other groups occupying intermediate positions.
I'muiLoGY: LANGUAGE, OR EXPRESSIONAL AC