THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. Lutherans maintain a high standard of ministerial education. Thor ough indoctrination is held to be an essential prerequisite for preaching. Not less than twenty five theological seminaries are found in this coun try. Their professors are bound by the confes sional requirements of the respective synods by which they are supported. and doctrinal and ex egetical theology receives chief attention. Some of them have a meagre equipment and quite a number are connected with preparatory schools. EI•V1-1] arc Others are German or Sean ;111d not a few are bilingual. The lead ing institutions are: (I) The Seminary of the General synod, located at Gettysburg, l'a.. found ed in The Iff•neral 14111,e as the first professor Rev. Samuel S. Sehmucker. lts cur riculum rovers the of three years' resident study. requiring the degree of A.B. for admission.I it I aim two special courses lead ing up to the 11.1). lecturc:hip:, there are live regular professorship,.
(2) ittenberg Seminary, a literary and theological institution founded at Springfield. ( Ihio. in 1'412. for the education of young men for the ministry of the Evangelical Lutheran Chung]. It is by five synods connected with the General Synod. The course of study covers three full years under three regular pro fessors. For a long time IZey. samml Sprecher. D.D., LL.D., stood at the head of this school.
(3) Concordia Seminary. The most largely attended Lutheran theological seminary is the Concordia. located at Saint Louis. Mo., which was established at Altenburg in that State in 1e33 by a number of Saxon pastors and congre gations. With the organization of the Missouri Synod it was transferred to Saint Louis. There are six regular professor:. For more than a generation Rev. Carl F. W. Walther stood at the head of this institution.
1. ) The Practical Seminary of the Missouri Synod was formerly an adjunct of the Saint Louis Seminary. following an abridged eurricu Inin, the same professors lecturing to the stu dents of both seminaries: but in Is75 it was re moved to Springfield. 111. It maintains five professors, with an attendanee of over 100 stu dents.
(5) The Mount Airy Seminary. Philadelphia. was established in 181i4, under tile guidance of men who were identified with the Gettysburg Seminary, but who were dissatisfied with Dr.
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Schinneker's type of theology and with fa..
ure of that school to make adequate provision for the wants of German congregations. The seminary was opened in October. 15G4. In 1.N9 it •a-: removed to Alount Airy. on the northern edge of the city. The seminary is under the cow of the Synod of Pennsylvania. the Synod of New Y. Irk eM;perating.
Olt The Augustana Theological Seminary was established by the Augustana Synod (Swedish) at its organization in ISGO. It was located in Chieago. with Rev. L. Esbi;;rn as president and regular professor. In 1oi3 it was trans ferred to Paxton, Ill.. with 'Rev. T. N. Ilassel quist at its head. In 1S75 it was united with Augustana College at Rock island, llI . Iho pro fessors in that institution teaehing also theo logical branches in addition to the three regular professors. In the seminary the swedish and
English languages are used about equally. and most of the graduate: of recent years are able to preach both in English and Swedish.
(7 1 The Chicago was chartered in I. The director•. origil ally appointed by the General Council. are a self board. whose successors are from synods in strict harmony with the doctrinal position of the seminary—which is the same as that of the Gen eral Connell. The institution owes its existence to the zeal and liberality of the late Rev. W. A.
Passavant, who was the first president of the board of directors.
(S) The Seminary of the Joint Synod of Ohio has been in operation, with brief intermissions, since 1830. It is under the general supervision of the Synod and under the special control of a board of directors. It is locally united with Capital University, at Columbus, Ohio, and for entrance students must have completed a regular college course. The confessional position has long been that of a strictly conservative type.
(9) The Norwegian Augsburg Seminary is the oldest Norwegian divinity school in America. It was founded at Marshall, Wis., in 1869, and transferred to Minneapolis, Minn., in 1872. Its first president was Prof. A. Weenas.
(10) The United Church Seminary, at Minne apolis, Minn., is the divinity school of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church, founded in 1S90, at which time the 'United Church was organized by a union of three Norwegian synods. It has three professors.
(11) The Wartburg Seminary, the theological institution of the German Synod of Iowa, was founded by Pastor Loch°, of Germany, at Sagi naw, Mich., in 1852, as a•teachers' seminary for the Missouri Synod. In view of the rupture with that body it was in 1854 transferred to the Iowa Synod, just organized, and transformed into a theological seminary. After sundry removals the institution was finally located at Dubuque, Ia. In 1854 and IS57 Loehe sent over as professors the brothers S. and G. Fritshel, accomplished and pious scholars. who gays the institution a high standard and engaged in vigorous war fare with Walther on the derivation of the ministerial office, chiliasm, and other questions. There four regular professors, one of whom gives all his instruction in the English tongue.
(12) The Theological Seminary of the United Synod of the South is located at Mount Pleasant, S. C., near Charleston. It dates its beginning from the establishment of a theological institu tion by the Synod of South Carolina in 1830 and has had a checkered and intermittent history. It was located at Lexington, S. C., from 1833 to 1853, and conducted by Ilev. E. L. Ilazelius. For sonic years it was merged into the General Sem inary of the Church Smith. When that was dis continued the South Carolina Synod resumed its Own theological instruction at Newberry, S. C., until the United Synod located this institution permanently in 1898 at Mount. Pleasant.