TECHNOLOGY: INDUSTRIES, OR MATERIAL AC TIVITIES. Man touches lower nature chiefly through material activities. The activities in volved in conservation of kind pertain to (1) sus tentation, (2) reproduction, and (3) preserva tion, all of which are shared with lower animals; and among, mankind the preservative activities are differentiated into (a) propugnation, or ac tive defense of weaklings and others. (b) domicil iation, and (e) haldlimentation. Closely related to these activities are others which may col lectively be called coiirdination, since it is through them that men first fixed their inter relations with plants and animals, as well as fire and various materials. Other material activ ities are connected with the conquest of the min eral realm through stone-•orking, metallurgy, etc., and represent the reconstruction of lower nature; while a fourth major group includes those activities connected with transportation, through which man controls space and time. There remain certain activities which may be classed as material though allied to those of intellectual character; these pertain to educa• Gen, including the exercise and training of mind and body in such wise as continually to widen the chasm between man and lower nature, and serve especially to elevate the activities of con ser•ation into the distinetively human realm. Arranged tabularly the groups areas follows: The material activities, like the spontaneous, form a genetic series indicating the trend of human development; they are most easily sum marized in terms of this natural sequence, though their number and diversity are such as to forbid treatment of the series save at a few points in the earlier stages.
SUSTEaTATION. The primal modes of sustenta tion were clearly analogous to those of the more omnivorous lower animals; for while arclncology yields no conclusive evidence of fireless man. certain living peoples have been found to use this agency in an incidental rather than essential way. Thus the Australian and Tasmanian aborigines consumed raw food so commonly as to indicate that cooking was but a partially acquired art, and the same may be said of the African Pygmies; while the Seri tribe subsist chiefly on uncooked food, and regard fire as an animate tutelary to he em ployed ceremonially rather than industrially. This tribe, like some of the Australian natives, well exemplifies the habits and modes of thought of peoples not yet in full command of fire, and hence suggests the characteristics of the human prototype. The food habits are strikingly like those of lower animals; after gorging on quarry or carrion or cactus fruits in season. the tribes
men lie about sluggishly until spurred by sheer hunger to search for another supply; there is no knife sense. while the few crude implements are actual or symbolized animal organs; and there is a strong repugnance to the taking of quarry with artificial devices. With the habitual use of fire an increasing variety of foods is con sumed; this fact, as well as the chemistry of cooking, indicates that the conquest of fire had much to do with the omnivorous character of the human animal; yet a potent reason for the sim plicity of primitive diet is found in the fact that the food habits are largely modeled after those of tutelary animals through the influence of de votional systems fostered by that mimetic in stinct which marks budding intelligence. In scores of known tribes the food-quest is a sacra ment inaugurated by ceremonial invocations. pursued with concentrated intensity, and termi nated with oblations followed by ceremonial feasting in which the qualities of the quarry are supposed to he transferred to the feasters. The Cherokee hunter ceremoniously placated the Ancient deer kind before setting out on a deer hunt, the Iroquoian Nimrod made a propitiatory address to the bear before giving the fatal stroke, the Zuni youth dared not even let Ily his arrow at a rabbit without a prayer. while the Papago and other Amerind tribes denoted diseases by the names of animals and imputed them to the vengeance of those animals for neglect of due devotions. These customs throw light on primi tive warfare, with its concomitants of cannibal ism, trophy-wearing, etc. In lower savagery there is a strong race sense and fellow feeling is restricted to the clan or tribe, while aliens are viewed with aversion as peculiarly potent an tagonists: so that primitive warfare becomes a form of chase, inaugurated with ceremonies growing into the war-dance, pursued in an ex altation passing into insane obsession. and ter minated by observances designed to endow the victor with the valor and cunning and fortitude of the vanquished—these sometimes including cannibalism, and the preservation of his fingers, teeth, head. scalp, or tutelary symbols, as per manent invocations for his powers. The scalp taking of various Amerind tribes, the aboriginal head-hunting in the Philippine Islands, the pres ervation of shrunken human heads in South America and the Caribbean Islands, the wearing of necklaces of fingers and teeth, and the prehis toric use of amulets made from bits of skull, exemplify the savage motives.