MARX, KARL ( 1S1S-ti3). A famous socialist, usually regarded as the founder of the modern school of socialism, horn of Jewish parents at Treves, Germany. May 5, 'Isis, and educated at the universities of Bonn and Berlin. In 1842 he became editor of the uh, inisehe Zcit u ng Polit ik, Donde! um! Gele( yin., a Liberal organ. Shortly before the suppression of the paper, in 1843, M;u•x withdrew from the editorial force and renolved to l'a ris. where he assisted in editing the Thu ahrbiicher. ...Marx went to Brussels in 1845, where lie was associated with Engels and organized the t;erman Association. which later was con nected with the Communistenbund, for which he wrote, with Engels, the famous communistic manifesto, whieh has lo•c•n regarded as the classic exposition of the movement. The manifesto charges bourgeois society with having destroyed the feudal ties which bound man to Iris natural superiors and with having left no other 110XI1S het ween man and man than 'cash payment.' It has brought about a condition in which the productive forces do not further the development of bourgeois property. hut through e,u»mercial erises actually endanger its very existence. Utuler these conditions the wages of workmen tend to the bare minimum necessary for existence and propagation. As the disagreeable /les,: of the work increases the pay decreases. The aim of the communists is the formation of the proletariat into a class; the conquest of political power and the overthrow of the present bour geois supremacy. Communism forbids no matt to appropriate the products of his labor, but it does deprive him of the power to control the labor of others by virtue of such appropriation. To secure these ends the following measures are advocated as generally applicable in civilized lands: (1) Abolition of property in land and the application of all rents to public purposes; (2) a progressive ineome tax; (3) abolition of all rights of inht]gitoH•os ( I) ion of all property of emigrants and rebels; I:31 centraliza tion of credit in the hands of the Sttfte by means of a national bank with State capital and an 1 xcht.ive monopoly ; ( nat ionalizat ion of means of and t ranlmrtat : (7) of productive enterprises by the State. the reelamation of waste land and general im provement of the soil: (8) compulsory labor with of industrial armies especially for agriculture; (9) combination of agriculture with tol fact uring. the elimination 44 ion be tween town and by more even distribu tion of 1114. population; (10) free education in public schools and abolition of child labor in factories. In 1817 Marx wrote a reply to Proud hon's Philosophir dr la in rc under the title isily dr la philosophic.
In ISIS Marx returned to Cologne and starlet] the Ncac lThcinische Ze it any, but because of lib revolutionary activity he was ordered to kart (;erniany in Ably, 1849. Ile went to Paris, Intl later in the year was forecd to leave that cite and uuo•cd to London. which was henceforth lib home. Ile became a newspaper correspondent writing, for the „Nell' fork Tr ibu nc,
.110nthly, and other tt number of hi• articles subsequently being published in patty phlet form. Among these are 1Ste Brit moire des Louis Bonaparte" ( 1832) ; he Lift f 11830) ; "Palmerston and l'o land" (1:453). The results of his studies 01 English conditions and economic works are tiesi seen in his Kritik (I( r pol it ischen Ock(momie which appeared in 1869 and contained the es sence of the principles elaborated in his subse (pieta work, Las In 1861 at last found the opportunity o realizing a plan he hail long contemplated: tine of organizing the laborers of the civilized into a great association. On September 28 then was a great meeting in Saint .lartiit's 11a11, t( which Alarx outlined his scheme of an 'Interna t ional Workingmen's .1ssociation.' During Iltes4 years Marx was also greatly interested in the developments in Ctermany, and assisted Lich knecht and his associates in establishing (1 Social Detimeratic Labor Part1• in 1869. lit 186; appeared the first volume of Los Ka pita (Eng fish translation, .nth edition, from the 3(1 I:ermat edition. London. 1491). The sc(.0nd volume win by Engels and published in 1SS3. Th( style is rather heavy, and the analysis is at times so detailed that it is hard to follow. TM fundamental ideas are, however, simple whet once the terminology is mastered. seeks to discover the economic law that governs. so elety. .1141dern social development. is made pos. sible only by capital ; it has reached its highest point and must necessarily he followed by an other system. :Nlodern capitalism exploits tin laborer by possession of the `surplus value' of his services, i.e. the amount produce(' by him over and above the amount of his wages which are regulated by the 'iron law•' and tell(' therefore to a minimmu. The basis of the ex. change value of a community is the amount of labor expended on it. In the long run this ineam t he average an1011/11 of labor expended under aver. age conditions. Ilut modern labor requires capital. Alarx traces the historic development of and shows the tendency for the instruments ol labor to coneentrate in fewer and fewer hands Thus arises the capitalistic Plass. 'Meantime de. velops also •t class who have only their labot to sell, the proletariat. The first is the big, the second the producing class. The growt1 of capitalism reduces the number of capitalists and increases the poverty and misery of the work. ing classes, but also set•ves to bring them to self conseion,ness. The proletariat will rinaHy or ganize and the means of produt'tlon will be seized and managed for• the good of all. Mary ottt• lined no ideal future condition. He tried tr show• what he believed to he the of his torieal development and sought to bring about the next step. the organization of all laborers 101 their common good. Marx died in London, 31areh 14, 1883. For a convenient digest of Dn.! Ka pit n I Aveling. 7'6e St adent's 11 ra (London. IS92). See ; SOCIALISM;