MAXIMILIAN I. (1573-1651). A Duke of Bavaria, prominent in the Thirty Years' War, born in Munich. Ile was educated at the .Tesuit University of Ingolstadt, and in the internal administration of his realm displayed much stateeraft. Ile improved the judicial and excel'. live departments, organized a militia effective for defense, maintained a well-disciplined stand ing army under the famous Count of Tilly (q.v.). and placed tile treasury upon a see re basic. In the [Fairs of the Empire he was an active oppo neat of the Protestant cause. When in 1607 the ban of the Empire was pronounced against the free city of DonsuwOrth (q.v.), he was ap pointed to occupy the town, which he forthwith proceeded to make Roman Catholic. As a re sult of his methods, the Protestant Union was organized in 160S. lie in turn established the Catholic League (1609), with himself at its head. After the disturbances in the Austrian estates (1618-19), lie sided with the Emperor Ferdinand 11. (q.v.), and arrangements were made (1619) by which he was to receive the Up per Palatinate and the electoral dignity of Fred erick V. (q.v.). is army, commanded by Tilly,
defeated that of Frederick under Christian cf AnhaIt at the battle of the White Mountain (No vember 8, 1620), and occupied the Palatinate. It was he who. in opposition to any extension of the 1-inperial power through Wallenstein's army, effected Wallenstein's dismissal at the Diet of Ratisbon (1623). During the Swedish period of the war he was driven from :Munich by the entrance of Gustavus Adolphus into Ba varia in 1632. In 1637-38 he fought against the Swedes and French on the Upper Rhine, but in 1647 independently concluded the truce of Ulm. He has been considered the most im portant German statesman of the time. Con sult: Wolf, Gesehichte Maximilians I. and seiner Zeit (continued by lireyer. 4 vols., :Munich, 1807 11), and Von Aretin, Geschichte des bairisehen Ilerzogs and Karfiirsten. Maximilian I. (vol. i., Passau, 1842). See also the article TIIIRTY YEARS' WAR.