In Russia, what is now the opoltchenie was originally a simple militia, which was reor ganized in 1888 and again in 1891, when the period of service was changed from forty to forty-five years for the soldiers and from fifty to fifty-five for officers. Tlw opollrhenie is now divided into two parts. The first, pyrrri razryad —which is practically a reserve, and includes all who hare passed or served the active term or period—is intended principally as a source of supply for the filling up of regiments.
In time of war or national need (q.v.) are formed in connection, so that when the opoltchcnie is mobilized the organization is com plete. The rtoroyi rarryad, or second part, in cludes all who have served in the first part. mien excused from other services for physical reasons, or those who have been excused as being the sole support of their families. This division can only be called out for the organization of militia corps, and then only by Imperial manifesto. In Italy the militia is largely a reserve of the regu lar army. The annual levies are in three divi s. the first consisting of men of the permanent army who serve in the militia as follows: aml non en 'ssioned officers of all other corps ten years. with unlimited leave;
other corps, including eavalry, serving in the mobile militia three or four years, and in the territorial militia seven years. The levies of the second division serve three or four years (ac eording to the branch of the service) in the mobile militia. and seven in the The hqics of the third serve nineteen years. uith unlimited leave, in the territorial militia. The period of training for 11101 of the second di vision is from two to six 11101011'4, spread over a period of several years. The third division has thirty training. In tinw or war it does garrison duty, and constitutes the last reserve.
The French territorial with its reserves, is organized similarly to the militia of Eng land, on a purely local basis. After serving thir teen years in the active army nod its reserve, soldiers :n•e assigned to twelve service in the territorial :u•un• and reserve. In Switzerland the entire army. oninprising as it does every able. bodied citizen, is a militia, regarding which sec Switzer/am( in the article ARN111.:s. Sec LAND sTutot ; NOW lin ; NATIONAL (.? ; V.ut.LN• TEERS, Al I MARY.