MILL (AS. am ylen, myln, from Lat. molinu, mill, from mola, millstone, from molcre, to grind ; connected with Eng. rural, mold) . A name originally given to machinery for grinding grain for food, or to the factory where this was done. The term is now applied in a general way to many other kinds of manufactories besides those where raw material is transformed by a grind ing process. as a saw-mill. planing-mill, o• cot ton-mill. See FLOUR: 110ELING-MILL; GRINDING AND CRUSHING MACHINERY.
MILL, JAMES (1773-183(i). A British econo mist and philosopher. Ile wa, rho son of a shoe maker, horn near Montrose. Scotland. April 6, 1773. He studied at the rniversity of Edin burgh, where lie distinguished himself in Greek and in moral and metaphysical philosophy. Ile was licensed to preach in 1798; but instead of following this career, he went to London in 1802, as tutor to Sir John Stuart's children, and there settled as a literary man. He became editor of the Lit Cillry Journal and wrote for various periodicals. Not long after lie settled in London he made the acquaintance of Jeremy Bentham, who influenced him greatly in his views. In 1806 lie cinnmenced Ids History of British India, which he carried on along with other literary work, and published in the win ter of 1817-18. This important work, though containing an attack upon the administration of the East India Company, secured for him in 1819 the post of assistant examiner of Indian corresinnidence. Before his death he was pointed head of the examiner's office. where he had the control of all the departments of Indian administration—political, judicial. and financial —managed by the secret committee of the court of directors. He contributed many important articles to the Encycloiardia Britannica, These essays were printed in a separate form, and be came widely known. In 1821-22 he published his Elements of Political Economy, a work pre pared primarily with a view to the education of his eldest son. John Stuart Mill. In 1829 his magnum opus, the ilmtlysis of the Human Mind. appeared. The work is almost the Bible of as sociationism, and deserves to be classed among the great English philosophical productions. Ile attempted to simplify associationism by recogniz ing only one principle it work, that which was later called association by contiguity. (See As
socIATiox or Liu:As.) This principle can so fuse various ideas and feelings that a result may he produced entirely different from the original ele ment. This has been called 'mental ehemistry.' Mill made great use of mental chemistry in sup port of the doctrine that morality is based on utility. (See 1".m.rrmu.xxism.) In this way lie furnished a psychological basis for Bentham's ethical and legislative reforms. Ile took great interest in political questions and was a powerful advocate of an extended suffrage. Much of his influence was Inc to his strong personality and great eonversational powers. In later life he en tirely broke away from his early religious views and brought up his son .John Stuart in utter reli gions indifference. Ile took a leading part in the founding of University College. London. lie died at Kensing1011, .June 23, 1536. See A uto bioyrophy of .1. S. Mill (London. 1873) ; Bain, James Mill: A Biography (London, 1842): Bower. villnn R Mill and Ilarlley (HI., 1881 I . All of these works arequite popular in character.
MILL, .1(niN 14S-1707). -' scholar of the Church of England. Ile was born at Shap, \Veslmoreland; studied at Queen's College. Ox fiord. and was elected a fellow. in 1670. Ile en tered the ministry, and became distinguished as a preacher; became rector in 1681 of the college living of Bletehington. Oxfordshire, and chap lain to Charles II, hi 1685 he was principal of Saint Edmund Hall; in 1701 lie became pre bendary of Canterbury. The work for lie is n10:1 distinguished is his new edition of the Greek Testament, on which lie spent thirty years, and which appeared only fourteen days before his death. It was undertaken at the ad vice and expense of Dr. Fell, Bishop of Oxford. lint after the Bishop's death (16861 Mill eon tinned it at his own expense, and repaid to the executors what he had received. The text which Mill adopted is that of Robert Stephens of 1550, and his work contains 30,000 various readings collected from manuscripts, commentaries, writ ings of the Fathers, etc. Dr. Daniel Whitby at tacked the work in his Examen l'ariantium Lcr tionum Johannis (London, 1709); but Dr. Richard Bentley approved the labors of Mill, and Michaelis, Marsh, and other critical scholars ac knowledged the value of the edition.