MIVART, I;F:mo,r. ,I ,u ON English zoOlogist, horn in don. lie was educated first at Ilarrow, then at King's College, London, and then, having become a Callodie in 15-t 1, at. Saint Nlary's College, Ds colt, Ile was admitted to the bar in 1851, hut in 1862 he beca Me lecturer on eomparative anatonty ;111.1 zoidogy at Saint llary's Hospital. Lon don. and held the chair of biology in the Homan Catholic University College, Kensington, (luring its short eareer (1871-77). From 15110 to 1593 he was professor of the philosophy of natural history nt the University of Louvain. 11clgitun, lie was a most careful and competent anatomist and zoiffogist, and wrote a lnrge numher of very important memoirs. especially upon the morphol ogy and classification of vertebrates, and con tributed largely to the discussion of the question of evolution. He was probably the most learned and powerful critic of Darwin and in minimnizing the effect of natural selection as a factor of evolution. and in insisting upon the ex istence of the guiding netion of divine power, es pecially in the development of man's intellect and spiritual instinct. He distinguished, however, between absolute and directive creation, main taining that evolution operated only by means of the latter. His strength lay in natural
science. and in this department he held a position of unquestioned eminence. his efforts to reconcile the facts of science with time doctrines of religion aroused wide spread attention. In this field he published a number of works, such as Lessons from Nat are as Manifested in Mind and Matter (1876): Na ture and Thought (15S:2) ; On Truth (1889); and 7'he Groundwork of Science: A Study of Rpish otology (189,5). Ile claimed an increasing freedom of thought whlvIt ultimately took him beyond what were eonsidered in the Church the bounds of permissible speculation, and after a series of magazine articles deanng with the rela tions between science and faith which ran through the years 1855-1900, he was finally ex communicated by Cardinal Vaughan in January, 1900- Ile died April 1st of the same year. His more important works in natural science are: The Genesis of Species (1871) ; .1/an and Apes (1873) ; 7'he Coat mon Frog (1574) ; The ('at (1551) ;!lolls, Jackals, 'Wolves, and Foxes ( 1890).