MODENA, inrV(1:1-na (Lat., .1Inlina). A for mer in Northern Ital•, south of the Po. cluded in the coin part linen to of Emilia in the modern Kingdom of Italy. Th.. 'Roman colony Muting was founded on the „Emilian Way about it.c. after the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. Modena was acquired by the House of Este (q.v.) in 1283, and in 1152 the Marquis !torso 1' Este was made Duke of Modena by the Emperor Frederick T11. Ile was at the same make Duke of Ferrara by the Pope, and the po litical destinies of the two cities were therefore united until 159S, when Ferrara was seized as an escheated fief by its overlord, the Pope, while Modena, with Reggio and Mirandola, remained in the possession of the House of Este. In 1796 the Duke Emote was dethroned by Bonaparte, aml Modena. with Ferrara and Bologna, was erected into the Cispadane Republic, which in 1797 was merged in the Cisalpine Republic.. By the Treaty of 1,uniWille (1801) the Doke of Modena received the Breisgau in exchange for his duchy. On the death of Duke Ereole in 1803 the duchy devolved by marriage upon the House of Hapsburg, the daughter of Ercole having married Ferdinand, a son of Maria Theresa, and it was awarded by the Congress of Vienna to the sou of this marriage, Francis IV., who
proved a cruel despot. Ile married Beatrice, (laughter of Victor Emmanuel T. of Sardinia. In 1531 an uprising forced him to take refuge in Austria, but he was pronmptl• restored by Aus trian arms, and ruled by the methods which the Hapsburg connections made familiar in all parts of ltal• at that time. Francis IV. died in 1846 and was succeeded by his son. Francis V. The latter has been described as hardly more than an `Austrian deputy sheriff.' In 1S48 he was forced to flee from his State, which proclaimed itself a part of the Sardinian Kingdom, but he was soon reinstated by Austria. Ile fled «•hen war broke out in 1859. and although it was provided by the Treaty of Zurich that he should be re stored. the people of the duchy. in common with those of Parma, Tuscany. and the Legations, promptly declared their wish to be united with Sardinia in the new Kingdom of Italy, and this, being formally confirmed by a plebiscite, was done. See ITALY.