MOHAMMED. The name of four sultans of '1'urkcy.—\Ion.t>teat•:u 1. was the son of Sultan Baja zet T.. who was defeated Intl eaptured by Thum. in I-102 and died in captivity in 1103. Mohammed I.. after sharing the supreme power his brothers, became sole S11111111 in 1113. Ile reigned until 1421. lie ronsolidated the Em pire, which had sniff-11t from the inroad of In. (c,1130•Si) was Sultan fr 1151 to 1141. Ile was surnamed i.e. (of infidels). and also itnynk, i.e, the t;reaf lle was born at Adrianople. and sneeeeded his father• AinurnIli 11. Ili, first nets were the nuirder of his and the suppression of a rebellion in karama Ma.
!laving hinp.elf an the t 111'0711 he heal all his energies in order to efl'cet the (Nip titre of Constantinople. This city was now• the sole remnant of the olive empire of the Ca•sars. and after more than a year spent in preparations. .11ollainined commenced the siege on April If, 1453, With an army of about 70,000 and a fleet of 320 vessels. The Greeks, aided by gal lant bands under Gian Giustiniani, a noble Genoese, long maintained an obstinate resistance. On the morning of Alay 29th the Turks made a combined attack by land and sea Ny it hollt • sue' eess; hut the retirement front the ramparts of (Iinstiniani, who had been severely wounded, caused a panic• among his followers. and the si multaneous charge of a chosen body.of Janizaries, with Alohatinned himself at their head, proved irresistible. The brave Emperor, Constantine XI., flied in the breach, and the Turks poured in over his corpse to plunder and devastate his cap ital. _Mohammed now transferred the seat of his government to Constantiniple, and sought to gain the good will of the inhabitants ny promis ing them a free exercise of their .cogion. After achieving this great conquest, he made formidable preparations for the invasion of thing:try. Bel grade w•as the tirst point at attack; but .1;fnos Ilutlyady Ift.v.) compelled hint to raise the siege (1450). Soon after this Mohammed became
master of the More.. annexed Servia. and con quered the Empire of Trebirond, an offshoot of the Byzantine Empire. lie then turned his arms against the Albanians, whose leader. Scanderbeg, long defied the Turkish power. Scanderbeg died in 1448. :mil ten years later the subjugation of Albania was completed. in 1470 \lohanmtcd con quered Negropont from the Venetians. In 1475 lie made the khan of the C'rimea tributary, and at the same time deprived the Genoese of In 14S0. however, lie was repulsed by the knights of Saint John from Rhodes. In the same year lie captured Otranto), in Italy, the last. achievement of 11 is reign. was possessed 0f great abilities: lie was Grate, enter prising, and sagacious; he is said to have spoken tive languages fluently. and to have been well versed in geography. ancient history, natural sci ences, and the tine arts. But the brilliancy of his career. and the oeeasional generosity and even magnanimity which he showed. eannot obliterate the recollection of those ;lets of cruelty and treachery which have justly branded him as the most ruthless tyrant of the 'House of Osman.— ..M(111.01MM) I I 1. ( 151164603 ) was Sultan from 1595 to 1603. He succeeded his father and at once murdered his nineteen brolhers. lic waged war against _Mostria without suecess.-310nAw mEn IV. (11111-911 was Sultan from 1(148 to lIe eame to the throne when only seven years of age, succeeding his father, Ibrahim. who hall been murdered by the Janizaries. The real rulers were the i'iuprili The a•eilm of Nloh:aitottrd witnessed the collapse of 'Turkish power in Europe. The great onslaught upon the Ilmise of Austria in 11;8:i resilltis1 in the defeat of 1:ar4 NInstapha (q.v.1 before Vienna.
other disasters followed. \l oh: •d was throned in 1057. Ile died in prison.