The London literary and society papers have a line of connection with Addison. The numer ous imitations of the Spectator (1711-12) were essays on manners and literature. The nineteenth century type of the weekly review was set Leigh Hunt in the Examiner (1808), which com bined literature and politics. Under its first editor and Albany Eonblanque (q.v.), it had a brilliant career, as an exponent of current radi calism. The tin-nal/tn. (1825) confines itself to literature, art, and music. it has had many rivals, it is to-day one of the most trust worthy reviews in the world. The Academy (1569) is similar in design. but runs more to literary gossip. The Saturday Reriew 118.55), once the most solid, is now the 'smartest' of English weeklies. The Spectator (1525), under R. S. Rintoul, exerted for thirty years a mighty influence for reform. After R. 11. flutttai as sumed the editorship (1860), it became less radical in tone; and its sane discussions of ties and literature were among the host that journalism has ever offered. It still holds its high position. As the champion of radicalism. the Speaker was established in 1890 by T. Wemyss Reid. Other weekly reviews of litera ture, society, and polities (one or all), are the Literary World (18681; the National (Thserrer (1887) ; the Outlook (189S) ; Literature ( 15971 : the Pall Mall Budget (1868) ; the Saint .htmes's Budget (1880); the Weekly Sun (1891) ; the (1846) ; the Weekly Register (1549); Pearson's Weekly Vanity Fair (MS): Society (1875) ; the Pelican (1557) ; the Critic (1895) : Lloyd's Newspaper (1842) ; Reynolds's Newspaper (1550) ; the Referee the brilliant -World (1874), founded by Edmund Yates; and Truth (1577), edited by Henry La bouchere. Exceedingly popular are several light journals approaching the magazine, such as 7'it Bits (1881) and A nmccrs (1858). At the head of illustrated weeklies stand the Illustrated London. News (1842) ; the Graphic (1569) ; the Lady's Pictorial (1880); the Gentlewoman (1890) ; and Black and White (1891). There are also reviews for distinct trades, professions. and pastimes; the Illustrated Sporting aml Dra matic News (1874) ; the Cycle (1593) ; the Hu ( 1897) : the Economist (1841) ; the Statist (1878), for the markets of finance; Engineering (1866) ; and so on through many phases of contemporary life. Among comic journals Punch (q.v.) is still supreme.
The press of London, taken collectively, has passed through three broadly marked stages. It began on a mere transcript of the city's rumor. gossip, and abuse. Repressed by the licensing act for a generation, it took two forms on its repeal, 1695, one literary, of which Addison's Spectator was the hi,ghest type. and the other bitterly po lemic (L'Estrange and Defoe). In these jour nals, which appeared in quick succession for a century. the personality of the editor was deci sive. With the Napoleonic wars English journal ism entered on a third stage, led and molded by John Walter, the founder of the London Times. in which the personality of the editor became only one factor. though still of importance, in a conpac•t organ of public opinion and vehicle of public news, whose articles were anonymous and whose editor was by a transparent fiction un known. The weight and influence of journals in
this period turned on the success with which edi torials expressed the opinions of the ruling forces of the nation. of a party. a class, or an interest. and the accuracy and impartiality with which its new columns recorded facts. \\Idle this type was most completely developed in the Tinos. it was apparent in all English periodicals, daily. weekly, and monthly. from the Napoleonic wars until the defeat of Gladstone's Irish llome Rule Bill recast party relations and based the Conservative-Impe rialist majority on a mass vote. With this pe riod, now nearly twenty years distant. English dailies began developing circulation independent of influence, signed articles and the personal journalist became conspicuous, and the publisher %vith an avowed commercial aim had an inereas ing control and influence. The earlier newspaper. like the Times, waned in weight, and the type of the new is not yet developed.
The earliest provincial English newspaper was the Worcester flosfmntr (1690), which. under the name itcrrow's Worecst, r Journal, still circulates freely through the West Alidlands. Five years later was founded the Mercury. now called the Lincoln, IIrf1and, and Stamford Mercury. Tn 1706 appeared the Yortvich Postman at a penny, with the announcement that a halfpenny would not be refused. It was followed by the Norwich Mercury (1714). which still exists. Among other early successes were NW/it/pi/am Courant (17101. which with changed name continued till 1886., when it was incorporated with the illustra ted 11"H kly Express: the Newcastle Courant 1711)), with a present large circulation in the north: the still prosperous Hen ford Journal 17131 ; the Leeds rcu ry (17181. one of the best of provincial papers: the Su/isbury and 11 latch, stcr Journal I 17201, now an ential paper; and the Birmingham (laze(le I 1741). to-day one of the leading :\lidland dailies. These examples, without the catalogue of numerous failures, show how the newspaper spread through England early in the seventeenth century. They were, however, small sheets, and continued to be till about 1860. Still other well-known English papers are the Le,ils-lork shire Post ( 1754), with a daily since 1866 and an evening issue shim 1590; the ven-cwat, ic', (1764), now issuing two daily editions; the Liverpool Courier (1808), two daily issues and a weekly; the /,,ic,st, r Daily Post ( 1872) ; the Sheffield It efkin Tv/cora/dr, with a circula tion of 215,000; and the Manehester (1 uardian (1521). which has a reputation far beyond Eng lainl for its independence and able eomment. Wales depends largely upon the newspapers of the border counties. She has, however, several English journals of her own; as the Vorth 11"abs (Vironicte 11)angor. 1807) ; the South ll'utei Daily (Cardiff. 18721. in the Liberal interest ; and the Western Itui/ ( 18691. in the Conserva tive interest. A few newspapers are printed in the Welsh language. Among them are 1" ia (The Welsh Nation) and Bauer ue .1 Inscrau Cymru 1 Banner and of Wales).