Each school is undo• a board of managers, who dpet teaelacrs, control the school property, etc. The sehools provided for wholly by the education authority are governed by managers appointed by it and by local authorities. loreover, the de nominational schools hale on their managerial boards appointees from both these sources. No school that does not comply with the requirements of the Education Committee can receive even a Government grant.
Parlianumt grants to all schools a sum equal to four shillings per scholar, and an additional halfpenny per scholar for every complete two pence per scholar by which the amount which would be produced by a penny rate in the area of the authority falls short of ten shillings a scholar. Whatever tuition foes are paid to schools maintained by an education authority are turned over to it, but a certain portion of these, such as may be agreed upon, is returned to the managers of the school. The proceeds of school endowments for the aid of elementary edu cation are primarily devoted to the care of the school property. Whatever surplus there may be is turned over to the education authority.
The managers of denominational schools are allowed to determine the religious instruction given therein and the religious qualifications of the teachers. But a pupil need not attend such instruction, and cannot be excluded from the school for religious reasons.
The act of 1902 is bitterly opposed by the Non-Conformists. The voluntary schools are largely under the control of the Church of Eng land, and the use of a local rate for their support was regarded as taxing Non-Conformists for• the benefit of the institutions of the Established Church. Moreover, it was feared that the new education committees would lie more favorable to the Church of England than the old school boards. The schemes of the conneils for the ap pointment of the committees, hove•e-, give, in general, far less representation to the Estab lished Church than was commonly expected.
For the training of elementary leachers in 1898 there were forty-four residential and four teen day training colleges. The latter are at tached to some university or college of university rank. Teachers are appointed by the sehool boards. The average annual salary of eertificati.d masters is about £121 and I if mistresses about £80. In 1898 provision was made for pensioning teachers who have reached the age of sixty-live or have beeonw disabled. The amount is esti
mated on the basis of length of service, and is partly made up by an annual contribution on the part of men of t3 and of women £2. In speetors are appointed by the Crown on reeom mendot ion of the I:titivation Council. There are for elementary education twelve chief in speetors, two being for training colleges, one inspector, ninety subordinate in spectors, and a number of sub-inspectors. The pupil teachers constitute a large proportion of the teaching staff, the law allowing three for the principal teacher in each sehool, and one for every certifieated assistant teacher. The system of grants in aid of their training still prevails.
For secondl:o•y education England has schools under a variety of authorities. They may lie classed. aecording to method of control, as pri enterprise schools, subscribers' schools, eon panics' schools. endowed schools. and schools under loyal authorities. There were 6209 suell schools in England in 1897. They are not or ganized under any system. except that the Char ity and other commissions have been revising the courses of study in the endowed schools. (See ENDowEn SCHOuLS ACTS.) The Public Schools Act of 1868 revised the control and organization of seven great public boarding schools of England. In 1S91 a commission was appointed which in the following year reported all elaborate scheme for the national organization of secondary instruc tion, but so far no legislation has taken place as a result of this. Wales and _Monmouthshire have a system of inspection of secondary schools. One of the main purposes of the act of 1902 was the support of secondary education by public money. The education authorities are authorized to consider within their areas the needs of sec ondary education and to take such steps as seem to them desirable, after consulting the Board of Education, to supply or aid in the supply of such instruction. For this purpose the county authorities are empowered to raise a county rate of twopence in the pound, a sum that may be inereased with the consent of the Local Govern ment Board. This is calculated to ren der far more effective and comprehensive the sec ondary schools under Government control that were initiated by the science and art department.