Moscow is administered by a Governor-General, who is also at the head of the military district of Moscow. The municipal council of 100 mem bers is elected by owners of real estate and merchants of the first class, and has an executive committee of six members. Both the municipal council and the executive committee are presided over by the mayor or `golova,' who. unlike the mayors of all other Russian towns except Saint Petersburg, is appointed by the Government from two candidates suggested by the emincil.
The budget of the city for 1901 balanced at :='7,000,000. The chief items of revenue are real estate and internal taxes, subvention from the Imperial Government, the zemstvo. and returns from municipal property and enterprises. Nearly one-fourth of the revenue is spent on sanitation, about 12 per cent. on municipal improvements, and less than 8 per cent. on education. The municipality owns the waterworks, slaughter houses, and baths, and a number of lodging houses. In regard to facilities for local trans portation Moscow is far behind most European cities of its size and importanee. Moscow has many prominent educational establishments. Be sides the university (see MOscoW, t'S 1 VERSITY OF there are a theological seminary, a technical school. an agricultural institute, an institute for the study of Oriental languages. schools of art, painting, and architecture, a school of engineer ing, two seminaries for teachers, a number of dramatic schools. a eommerenar institute, 21 gymnasia, 5 Rcakchulca, a school of church music, and numerous other special schools. Li braries are numerous. The most important MU scums and collections are the Runiyantzelf Muieunr, consisting of a fine library and col lections of paintings, sculptures, ethnography, etc.: the historical museum, and the 'I'retyakotf Gallery of modern paintings, now belonging to the city. A number of prominent scientific organiza tions have their home at Moscow, including the society of naturalists and the society of Russian history and antiquities. The numerous archives of Moscow are also noteworthy. The benevolent institutions are among the largest in Russia, especially the foundling, asylum. The theatres of Moscow, especially the 'small theatre,' have played a prominent part in the development of the P,usqian drama. The periodical publications of Moscow ore numerous, and the hook trade of the city, especially popular publications, is very extensive.
The population was 753.469 in 1882, and 269 in 1897. A very large percentage is made up of persons born outside of Moscow. The pre thnoinance of males is very n !larked (about 131 to 100 in 1897). About 50 per cent, of the lation belong to the peasantry. The (1reek Orthodox inhabitants constitute 94 per cent. of the total population of Moscow, as compared with 84 per cent. in Saint Petersburg. The environs of the city are replete with historical interest, and contain many estates of the old nobility and royal favorites, among which may he men( lotted t he Pet Razymovskoie, with h its extensive park and academy of agriculture.
There are also many large parks and groves, Where the masses amuse themselves on holidays.
IhsTottv. The site of the city was probably inhabited long before the twelfth century. but the first mention of \losemy dates from 1117. W hen it was the estate of the Suzdal Prince Yuri The city began to rise with the Principality of Moscow under Daniel. the son of Alexander Nevski. in the t iiirteent it century. and especially under lvan lialita 40), who with the aid of the succeeded in annexing many of the minor principalities to .Moscow, and greatly embellished the capital. About this time the \t4'tropolitan Peter trans ferred his seat to .110seow, thereby laying the foundation of its future position as the religious capital of Russia. With the union of the Russian principalities under Ivan III. (1462-1505) \los c•oy became the capital of Russia and began to assure the proportions and appearance of a large city. It was surrounded by stone walls, and architects from foreign countries were smn moiled to build its churches and palaces. But the growth of the city was not infrequently voided by the invasions of the Tatars, repeated eontlagrations, and pests. It also suffered from the internal dissensions and revolts (hiring the seventeenth century, notably the Polish occu pation in 1610-12. the revolt of the people against the corrupt favorite': of the Czar. the riots following the introduction of religious re forms by Nikon, and the rise of the Slrellsi (q.v.) against the reforms of Peter the Dreat. Peter found Moscow. the bulwark of this ,ian orthodoxy. extremely unfavorable for the introduction of his reforms, and transferred the Court to Saint Petersburg. in the eighteenth century the city was visited by a number of dis astrous c•onllagrations and the plague of 1771. on September 11, 1812. Moseow, almost entirely deserted and with its treasures and archives removed to Vladimir. was °peopled by the army of Napoleon. seven days after his disastrous vie tory at Borodino On the following day t he Emperor made his entry into the city. OH the night of the 15th to the 16th, in accordance with a prearrange') plan. fires were started in several of the city, and soon the entire place was in flames, so that. on Sept CIIIIWE 16th. Napo leon was compelled to remove his headquarters from the Kremlin. The elnirehes and palaces were meanwhile abandoned In the depredations of the invaders and the criminal classes. the jails hav ing been thrown 4111111 by the order of the (Inv entor. On October 19th the Freneh began their fatal retreat. from the city. On May Moseow the scene of a fearful disaster. brought about by the distribution of gifts at a popular festival arranged in honor of the eoro nation of Nicholas II. Over 2000 people were crushed to death and many more wounded. suit: Fabricius, Le Kremlin de Moscuu (Moscow, 1883) ; Zabel, .I/oskott (Leipzig. Sabjelin, History of Moscow (in Russian, Aloscow, 1902),