John Holland Rose has perhaps given the most correct summary of the qualities which made Na poleon great : was superlatively great in all that pertains to government, the quickening of human energies. and the art of war. Ms great ness lies, not only in the abiding importance of his best undertakings, but still more in the Titanic force that he threw into the inception and accomplishment of all of them—a force which invests the storm-blasted monoliths strewn along the latter portion of his career with a majesty unapproachable by a tamer race of toilers. After all, the verdict of mankind awards the highest distinction, not to prudent mediocrity that shuns the chance of failure and leaves no lasting mark behind, but to the eager soul that grandly dares, mightily achieves, and holds the hearts of mil lions even amidst his ruin and theirs. Such a worder-wo•ker was Napoleon. The man who bridled the Revolution and remolded the life of France, who laid broad and deep the founda tions of a new life in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, who rolled the West in on the East in the greatest movement known since the Cru sades, and finally drew the yearning. thoughts of myriads to that solitary rock in the South At lantic, must ever stand in the very forefront of the immortals of human story." BIBLIOGRAPHY. An excellent Life in English Bibliography. An excellent Life in English is Rose, Life of Napoleon I. (New York, 1901). Of the numerous other works on the life and times of Napoleon, the more important are: Bignon. His tOjre de France sous Napoleon (14 vols., Paris, 1S29-50) ; Thibaudean. Le Consulat et ('Empire (10 vols., ib., 1834-35) Thiers, *Histoire de in hYrolution froncaise (10 vols., ib., 1823-27) ; *Ilistoire du Consulat rt de 1'Ennpile (21 vols., 1845-61) Lanfrey, *Hisloire de Napoleon (5 ib., 1869-75), which ends at 1811; Four nier, }_Napoleon I., eine Biographic (Leipzig, 1886 89). Fo• the early life of Bonaparte: lung, Bonaparte et son temps (Park, 1880-S1), and Chuquet. La jeunesse de Napoleon (ib., 1897-99), are the most important. For the personal life of Napoleon, Li'vy. intimr ( Paris, 1892) ; *Napoleon et les femmes 1893) ; Napoleon et so famine (6 vols.. ib., 1897-1903) ; Yapoieon chez (iii., 1893) : and Napo/eon inconno (ib., 18951. are the most valu able. On the military genius of Napoleon the most accessible are: Ropes. The First Napoleon. (Boston, 1885) and Campaign of Waterloo (New York, 1893) : Sargent, Napoleon Bonaparte's First Campaign (('Iiieago. 1S94) and Campaign
of Marengo (ib., 1897) Houssaye, 181'1 (Paris, 1888) and 1815 1894.99) ; and York von Wartenburg,tNapoleon eels Feldherr( Berlin, I885 86). For naval affairs: Mahan, Influence of Rea Power Upon the French Rerolotion and Empire ( London, 1893 ) . For ecclesiastical affairs: Haussonville, L'Eglise romaine et lc premier Empire, 1800-1'1 (Paris, 1868-70), may be cited. For the relations with the Germanic States the most notable works are Oneken, has Zeitalter der I:evolution, des liaiserreichs und der Befreiungs kriege (Berlin, 1884-86) ; Bailleu, Preussen and Frankreich, 1755-1807 (Leipzig, 1887) ; Beer, tZehn dahre osterrvielisehcr Politik, 1887) ; Wertheimer, acselivhte Ocsterrcichs nod 1'u yarns iom ersten Johrzehnt des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (ib., 1884-90). For relations with Russia, Ilogda novit eh, Histoire du refine amity. Irr (Paris, 1869-71) ; Tatisheff, Napo/eon, et le Tsar Alexandre (ib., 1891). For relations with Spain, Gomez tie Arteche, Guerra dulla In dcpendeneia (1868 et seq.). For relations with Italy, Tivaroni, $toria ffitiea del risorgimento italiano, vols. i.-iii. (Turin, 1889-91). For tions with England and the United States,Adams, History of the ( 9 vols., New York, 1889-91). Far original documents consult the files of the .lioniteur; the volumes of the Arch i res pa/en/en /aims; Napoleon I., Corre sponda ace (32 vols., Paris, 1858-70) ; and the new volumes of Napoleon's correspondence published recently by Lecestre and by Brotonne. Of great value are many of the writings by and on the contemporaries of Napoleon, such as his mar shals, notably Davout, Marmont, and Soult ; his ndnisters, notably Tall eyra nd, Sava my, and Clmptal ; his generals and subordinates, espe pecially Dumas, Foy, *Jomini, *Marbot, *Thiebault, and Vandamme; his brothers Joseph, Lucien, Louis, and Jerome, and his steps(a) Eu gime de 1ieauh:u•uais; personal attendants like Bourrienne, *Meneval, Las Cases, and Montho Ion ; minor officials and others, notably *Mint de Melito, *Pasquier, Roederer, Ouvrard, Lavalettc, Vitrolles, and Mine. de Remmusat. Of great value are also similar works by or on the Hardenberg, Stein, Seharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Clausewitz; the Austrians, :Metternich, Gentz, and the Archduke Charles; the English. Castle reagh, Canning, Nelson, Wellington, and Napier; and the Russian, Barclay de Tolly.