PoicrucAL. From time to time plans have been made for increasing the strengilt of the Portu guese Ileet, butt aside from an occasional cruiser the financial resources of the country have been unable to meet the demands of the natal pro gramme. The Navy Department forms part of the Ministry of the Alarine and Colonies. It is presided Over by a vice-admiral with the title of director-general, and consists of the divisions of (a) personnel and (b) material. The only naval ztrsenal is at 1,isbon, where is also located the naval college, a sort of polytechnic institute in [bleb all the officers of the navy are educated— even the medical otlicors having a final course there. The fleet consists of 1 old armored coast defense ship of 2450 tons (launched 1575),I pro tected ()miser of 4280 tons (launched 1898), 2 protected cruisers of 1800 tons (launched 1898), 2 cruisers of 1660 and 1765 tons flannelled 1591i 9!)), 4 small eruisers of 1110 to 1429 tons (launelicd 1504-84), 21 gunboats of 100 to 729 tons (launched 187:1-1902), 25 river gunboats of 34 to 300 tons (launched 1858-1902), 1 transport of 3000 tons, :3 training ships, it number of small ()raft, I rained royal yacht of 950 tons (launched 1899), :Ind 11 torpedo boats of 31 to 60 tons (launched 1550-93).
i?I'MANI.k. The Navy Department in Rumania is a branch of the .Alinistry of \Var. The officers hold military titles and are overshadowed by the army in every a ty. There is a naval school for the instruction of petty officers, but to military education is apparently sufficient for the higher officers. There is a small navy yard at Calatz at which gunboats are occasionally built. The Ilea consists; of 1 protected ()rinser of 1325 tons (launched 1887). 4 gunboats of 104 to 4)10 tons (Ittunelied 1862-86). 1 armed yaelit of 350 tons, 6 torpedo boats of 55 tons (launched 1558-95), 8 seeond-olass torpedo boats and lamiches of 10 to 32 tons flannelled 1882-95). and 12 gunboats and coastguard vessels of 45 to 110 tons I launched 157:3 93).
Ilyss(.N. The Ilussian navy really dates from the time of Peter the (1reat, though the dwellers in the lands now belonging to Itussia along the shores of the Ilaltic have been seafaring people from tinie immemorial. The navy and Navy 1)c
partment are presided over by the general ad miral. who is always one of the Imperial family. Ile has under his orders an rnder-Seeretary of Sluts hawing the rank of vice-minister and called the director of the :Ministry. The general ad miral is assisted and advised by a board of ad miralty consisting of 1 admirals, 5 vice (or rear) admirals. and 1 lientenant-gcneral of naval corps. The Nlinister of \larine or director of the istry is an admiral appointed by the Emperor. The subdivisions of the INlinistry are; (1) (len eral StalT: (2) Chief Naval Judicial (3) \lstorial and Supplies; (1) Technical Commit tee; (5) Seientifie Committee; (6) Ilydrographie Bureau: (7) Medical Bureau; (8) Chancelleries (9) -Administration of Courts-Martial; (10) Archives.
The naval schools arc the naval academy, at Saint Petersburg, naval college (higher course at the naval academy), school of navigation, ordnance, and naval construction at Kronstadt, and =rine engineering school. The present plans are to combine all the schools in one es tablishment. The principal dockyards are the New Admiralty Works at Saint Petersburg, Ga lernaya Island Yard at Saint Petersburg, Kron stadt arsenal, •Nicolayev dockyard, Sebastopol arsenal, Windau dockyard, Libau dockyard, Port .Arthur (Liao-tung Peninsula), VladivoAtok, Svea burg, Revel, Archangel, Baku• Batumi Nicolayevsk (Amur), and Kagala (Oxus). The number and displacement of the vessels of the fleet are given in the table. The transport service between Rus sia and Eastern Siberia is carried on by the Rus sian Volunteer Fleet, which receives a large sub sidy from the Russian Government. It consists of 15 steamers of 7650 to 12,000 tons (launched 1891-1900), and 1 of 2700 tons (launched 1895). The vessels of the Black Sea Steam Navigation Company, 12 in number, mostly of about 2400 tons, are fitted to receive armaments and act as auxiliary cruisers or transports in time of war.