As his influence in Oxford and among thought ful Anglicans hail been tremendous, so fect of this step was correspondingly great. A year after his reception he went to Rome and was there ordained priest. Soon afterwards he returned to England and introduced the Congre gation of the Oratory (q.v.). which he thought specially adapted to the needs of the large towns. The greater part of his later life was spent in the house of the Oratory at Birmingham; frmn 1854 to 1858, however, he was in Dublin, as rec tor of the unsuceessful Catholic University there. Always deeply interested in education, lie had planned to establish a house of the Oratory at Oxford. which might have allowed the young men of his Chureh to gain the advantages of the university; the project, opposed by Manning. fell through, but since his death his ideas have been vindicated by the establishment of a Catholic hall there. Constant literary activity marked all these years, of which the most remarkable fruits were his Letter to the Duke of Norfolk (1875), in which he explained and defended the position of Catholics as affected by the Vatican decrees in their bearing on civil allegiance, in reply to Gladstone; and his memorable Apologia pro Vita Spa S(i4), which contained a most striking account of the inner workings of his mind dur ing his whole manhood, and increased the venera tion felt for hint by all his countrymen, of what ever shade of theological opinion. It grew out of a memorable controversy with Charles Kings ley, who. by general consent, had much the worse of the argument. In 1877 Newman was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and revisited his loved alma muter for the first time in twenty-two years. Leo XIII. created him a cardinal in 1879, allowing him still to reside in England. Ile died at Birmingham, August 11, 1890.
Both as a great spiritual force and as a mas ter of literary expression, Newman will always deserve a large space in any history of nineteenth century England. His literary style, always
pure. melodious, and elevated, and owing much to years of familiarity with the Authorized Ver sion of the Bible, is full of undeeaving beauty. But it was only an expression of his mental habit. The dialeetieal skill which marks all his controversial work was governed by the con science whose supremacy he was never tired of enforcing: and the chaste beauty of his style was but the outcome of that intense realization of the spiritual world which is the most characteristic feature of all his teaching.
A complete list of his writings would occupy too much space. A uniform edition of the more important of them was published under his own supervision (London, 1868-81). Besides those already named, mention should be made of his: Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (18701; two works fiction, Callista, a Sketch of the Third Century (1850), and Loss and Gain, a story of Oxford life in his own day (1848); nu merous volumes of sermons, all characterized by his qualities; and some extremely beautiful verse, of which the best, with "The Dream of Oerontins," is included in Verses on Various Oc casions (1568). Consult, besides most of the hooks referred to under OXFORD .1i0VENfENT: Letters and Correspondence of .1. II. YCmntnn During His Life in the english Church (Lon don, 1801) : and sketches by IL II. Hutton (ib., Walters and Barrow (ib.. and Whyte (New York. 1903) ; also an admirably thoughtful study of his writings in Shairp. Rtud ies in Poetry and Philosophy (Edinburgh. 1806). Ilis earlier life is also told by his brother Francis (London. 18911. and in The .inglican Career of Cardinal Yen-man (lb., 1892) : his later. partly in Fitzgerald. Fifty Years of Catholic Life and Progress ( ib., 1895).