The establishment of university chairs and de partments of education, a movement of the great est significance for education, has been the growth of the past fifty years. Its beginnings were weak and tentative. In America the honor of the earliest attempts is dne to President Fran eis Wayland at Brown University (in 1850), to llorace Mann, at Antioeh College (in 1853), and to President BarnGn•S. at Columbia College (ill 1858), The first chair of education to be estab lished on a. solid basis in an American college or university was that at the University of Michi gan under President Angell in 1879, since which time such departments have been established in large throughout the eountry.
The rapid growth of large cities has created a 111'11111111) for trained teachers, which all the ageneies thus far mentioned have proved entirely inadequate to supply. This need has been met in part by the establishment of city training schools. The Brooklyn Training School, organized by Superintendent William II. Maxwell. is a type of the best of such schools. It receives on exam inathm the graduates of public high schools, and prepa to be teaeliers in elemen tary schools by n course in the history of colneation, pedagogy. methods of teaching ele mentary subjects. etc. A half year is also spent in substituting for pay in the public schools.
For the benefit of teachers in the service, par ticularly those who have had little or no pro fessional training. teachers' institutes have been organized. and have been a feature of American education for the past sixty years. The teachers'
institute is a short-time school, whose aim is to give stimulus and guidance to teachers in per sonal knowledge and skill, and in personal cul ture. Its curriculum usually includes methods of teaching and school management, the subject matter of some branch or branches of literature, science. or art, together with general lectures for culture or recreation. The method of instruc tion is usually by lectures; but sometimes les sons are assigned and recitations held—the best institutes having modified the formal lecture system. The instruction is given either by a regular institute corps, as in the State of New York, o• by a special corps organized for each institute, as in Pennsylvania. See NATIONAL EritTATIoN. SYSTEms 0E; NORMAL OILLEGE; PEABODY NORMAL COLLEGE; SU3IMER SCHOOL; TEACHERS COLLEGE.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arnold, Extracts front Reports Bibliography. Arnold, Extracts front Reports on Training Colleges (London, ISSO) ; Atkin son, "Study of American Normal Schools," in American Institute of Instruction Lectures (Bos ton, 1506) ; Bramwell and Hughes. Training of Teachers in the United Ntates of inerica (Lon don, 1899) : Gordy, "Rise and Growth of the Nor :nal School Idea in the United States," in Unitcd States Bureau of Education Report for 1891 ( Washington) ; Hinsdale, "Training of Teachers," in Butler. Education in the United States (Al hany, 1900) ; Laurie, Training of the Teachers (Cambridge, 1901) ; Horace Alann, Reports on Education. (Boston, 1868).