In 1785 a manumission society was formed and the Bank of New York was organized. In 1789 the Tammany Society (q.v.) or Columbian Under was organized. During an epidemic of yellow fever. from october, 1794, to July, 1795, more than GOO persons, and during, another in 1798 more than 20011 persons, died. In 1790 the population numbered 33,131, and the city limits were extended to the lower line of the present City Hall Park. In I505 the population was 78,770, and since then, especially after the War of 1812, when immigration greatly in creased, the growth has been very rapid. In 1807 Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, began running regularly between New• York and Albany. In 1812 a steam ferry to Long Island was opene(I, and a line of Sound steamers was established in ISIS, while in 1819 the Sa ru ;malt, built in New York, successfully crossed the Atlantic. The Erie Canal, begun in 1817, was completed in 1825-the first boat, Seneca Chief, reaching New York on November 4th-and gave an extraor dinary impetus to the grioxtli of the city. In 1832 an epidemic of eholcra caused the death of 4000 persons. and another• two years later caused the death of nearly IMO. in 1835. December 16-19, occurred the most disastrous time in the history of the city, the entire east side below Wall Street. including about 650 stores, the Merchants' Exchange, and the South Dutch Church, tieing destroyed. With a I0,A of almost $10,000,000. The financial panic of 1837 caused many failures. and the great destitution and sutl•ering in the city led to the Bread Riots of ,that year. From 1820 to 1870 riots were fre quent, one of the most serious being the Astor Place P,iot (q.v.) of May 10, 1849, in which 141 soldiers were wounded. while 34 rioters were killed and many inure were In the Caine year more than died of the cholera. .Another riot occurred in 1857, growing out of a conflict between two police organizations, when the Seventh Regiment of militia was called out to preserve the peace. The Croton aqueduct was completed in 1842: and on July 14. 1s53, the Crystal Palace Industrial Exhibition %yds opened on what i- now Bryant Square. Another severe financial panic occurred in 1857. followed by suspension of banks and business failures.
On the approach of the Civil War many in the city seemed to favor the South. and in January, 1561. the .\ layor. Fernando Wood q.v.). pro claimed secession to be 'a fixed fact,' and pro posed that an independent commonwealth, to be called 'Tri-Insula.' le formed out of Nanhattan. Long. and Staten Islands. The city, however,
loyally supported the Union during the war. sending to the front I16.3s2 soldiers at a cost of about In july, 1s63. occurred the Draft Riots «i.v.), lasting three days. during witid] business was suspended. prop erty worth more than 51.3011.100 was de and more than IOW lives were lost. The city suffered for several years from frauds, perpetrated by the 'Tweed Ring.' which controlled municipal affair-, but in IS71 the was convicted of having robbed the city of more than :3204000.000, and was ef fectually broken up. (See TWEED, WILLIAM M.) In 1569 a financial panic. caused by the effort to `corner' gold, culminated on 'Black Friday' fs-eptember 24th), gold then being at The financial panic of 1S73 caused the greatest suffering in New York City. although its growth continued unabated. On Na' 24, 1s53, the Brook lyn Bridge was formally opened, and in 1556 the Bartholdi Statute of Liberty was unveiled. New York has been the scene of many imposing pro cessions and celebrations: On the occasion of Lafayette's visit in 1524: the celebration of the opening of the Erie Canal in 1525: the funeral processions of Lincoln. April 23. 1565, and of General Grant, August S. IS55; the laying of the Atlantic cable, 1s5s: the opening of the Brook lyn Bridge: the centennial celebration of Wash ington's inauguration as President of the United States. in from April 29th to Nay 1st) ; the Columbian celebrations of October, 1592, and April. 1s93; the reception to the Santiago fleet in 1s9s: and the Dewey reception in I599.
Illumoc,itArnr, Lamb. History of the City of York 1 New York. Los-ing. History of Vey. York City lib_ 1.:0:51; Roosevelt, History of er York 1 ib., 1s911: Wilson. 11. morial History HI. City of Yew fork lib., Is91-931; Janvier, in tail \, ir York lib..1";94 : Goodwin, Royce, and Putnam. Historic V. ir York 159s1 History of f;r,at.r rOrk 01.. 1'99 1: \rte and ..\-• trl Philadelphia, 19031. Special in rinds are treated in Guernsey. :V. ir y.,ek City During the War of 1?12- fl. vol. i, ( New York, 1s901: Phisterer.
1 ork in the of the I:, le Ilion (Albany. 1S901: Colton, .I sunk of OM 31anhattan. li;o9 10112 I ; .linst. ilia'', and Itc P.oide lib.. 19031. Consult, also, for a popular tr..11111?11t of the city government. Coler, i/u aicrpnl rut //lent New York. 1900) for the financial history. Durand. The l'inane,s of Y. ir City lib., Is9s I ; and for the economic Un proven ent. Buis. lloir the Half Lives ib.. : id., Th. Both nith th. Slum lib., 19021.