Private schools in Prussia are required to conform to State regulations, as to 11111111/111111 course of study. setoff)] methods. etc. They are under State inspection, and can employ none but regularly vertifieated teachers. The number of private elementary schools is insignificant. lint the pupils in middle sehools are one-third in private institutions, Teachers in Prussian elementary schools are ordinarily graduates of teachers' seminaries or training colleges, .Nt the end of each year these institutions hold an examination at which the school inspectors and superintendents of the dis trict and a cminnission from the provincial school board arc present. Praetical tests in teaching power are required as well as those on theory. The successful candidate gets a privi lege to teach for three years. After two years of satisfactory work a teacher• inay take a second examination, the passing of which gives him a right to a permanent position and a pension. 'ibis examination is largely on educational mat ters and includes a practical test. Candidates who are not graduates of teachers' :seminaries may be admitted to it. and un passing are al lowed to teach. The director of the seminary oversees the work of its graduates, and can re qMre them to supply defects by additional work, Those who wish to teach in the higher classes of the middle schools must pass an additional ex aminathm given by a special Commission, and the same body gives a still further examination to those who aspire to rectorships. To gain the right to teach in the secondary schools a candi date, who is usually from a university, often with a degree, must pass a State examination given by one of the ten examining boards ap pointed annually by the Those who pass may receive, according 14) the character of their papers. any of three grades of certificates in the various subjects, and these entitle them to ieach such subjects in the lower three, the lower six, o• all the grades of the gymnasia. After passing this examination, a candidate enters either a State seminary (where lie receives a valuable stipend) or a g,ymnasial seminar. Rene lie is under practical instruction for a year, entering at its successful conclusion on a year of probationary teaching, for which he re ceives no remuneration. Ile is then, provided his work is satisfactory, eligible to a permanent appoint 'went.
Elementary teachers receive free rent and fuel, and often a garden. 'Their animal salaries range
from 45t) marks (in a few eases even less) to as much as 3So0 marks in Berlin, or in the ease of rectors even G000 marks. The average is, however, about 1200 marks. and is smaller in the country than in the cities. Salaries usually are regularly graded, according to time of Service, 1111 to a maximum. Women are paid souiew•hat less than Melt. :11141 they constitute about P2 per cent. of the total teaching, filree in elementary sehools. After ten years of service the can, if disabled or sixty-five years old, 'retire on a pension of one-fourth of his salary. This amount increases by one-sixtieth fin• each addi tional year of service up to three-fourths of the salary. The pension fund is derived from a State :111,1 Meal contribution, together with a small de diiction from the salary of the successor. The annual salaries of secondary school lc:tellers range from 1500 to 5100 marks, and in the case of rectors to 7200 marks. In addition. they re ceive an allowance for house rent. The same regulations as to pensions that apply to primary teachers apply also to secondary ones. and in filet to most State officials. an exception being professors in the universities.
Igor the support of schools in Prussia, there are live sources of ineome. The most important of these is the State itself. which pays about One half of the total required for• teachers' salaries, The other sources are school societies, ineome from inherited property, Church funds, 'local taxes, and tuition. in the city schools the local taxes supply the larger part of the income; in secondary schools the tuition furnishes nearly one.hall the sum required for support. The coun try schools, 110WeVer, receive over two-thirds of their income from the State, the amount being a fixed contribution of 100 marks for each head teacher, 200 marks for each additional regular male teacher, and 150 marks for each female teacher, with 100 marks for each assistant teacher who is in the probation year. The nor mal schools are supported by the l?uve•nment, as are also the universities. In the latter tuition is a considerable item. For their organization, see the article on UNIVERSITY.
For the development of the German public educational system, of which the Prussian system is taken as a type, see GERMANY, section on Edu cation.