MANUrACTURES. The emus fy is of inferior importance as an industrial State. Coal and iron. the bases of large manufacturing ment, are lacking. with the result that manu factures hardly meet the home demand. and only a few articles are exported. The metal indus tries have been little developed, though coal and iron arc brought to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague for the construction of railroad ma terial, ships, machinery, and hardware. Many of the steel and iron ships owned in Holland are built in England. 'fin plate is produced at The Hague. and gold and silverware are manufac tured at Amsterdam; but few fancy articles in metals are produced. Textile manufactures have licen largely developed since the separation from Belgium in 1830. Calicoes are made in large quantities for the East Indies, Africa, and China trade, representing usually an export value of about $7.000,000 a year. The number of spindles is about 300.000, the leading factories being in Gveryssel and North Brabant. Amsterdam, Haarlem. and Leyden have dye works and calico printing works. Linen is manufactured chiefly in the southeast and North Brabant. The best qual ity of sailcloth is made in North and South Holland. Tilburg is the leading centre of the woolen industry, and the carpets of Deventer are in much request ; lint with the growth of the woolen industries in England, France, and Ger many, Dutch woolens have declined in impor tance. Many towns make leather, and the manu
facture of earthenware is spread all over the country. Brick and tile works are found in many places; clay pipes are made in South Hol land; Delft still produces the glazed earthenware that made the town famous; Maestricht also pro duces stoneware and glassware. The diamond cutters of Amsterdam are still famous, though their business is declining on account of the com petition of Paris. London, and Antwerp. This industry is entirely in the hands of the Jews. Many industries are connected with the trans formation of agricultural products, such as liqueurs, distilled from orange peel and other materials in Amsterdam. Rotterdam, and Schie dam, the same cities also leading in the produc tion of Holland gin, distilled from rye. There were 516 distilleries in 1900, 503 breweries, and 9 vinegar works. Large quantities of cigars and manufactured tobacco from home-grown or East Indies leaf are made, the most extensive fac tories being at Amsterdam and Utrecht. The sugar refineries, chiefly in Amsterdam and North Brabant, are using every year more raw sugar from beet root and less from sugar cane.