At the head of education in each canton there is either (1) an educational council, or, (2) an education ministry, headed by a director of edu cation, who is a member of the Executive Council of the canton, or (3) a permanent education council, presided over by a director of education who is a political officer. The Canton of Bern be longs to the second type, and in the control of its schools it represents the extreme of centraliza tion in Switzerland. The Director of Education controls the inspectors and frames the educa tional budget. 11 is department determines, on consultation with certain authorities, the cur riculum and methods of instruction in all public schools. Private schools must receive his au thorization and that of the local school inspect ors. The communal council votes the money for its primary schools, and nominates a school hoard to control the expenditure of this and the details of local school Several communes combine to form a secondary school, the control of which is in the hands of a com mission, whose members are appointed by the various communal councils and the Director of Education. The middle or higher schools are usually cantonal schools, and are controlled by a commission appointed IT the Educational De partment. On the other hand. the Canton of Zurich has the least centralized of all the Swiss systems. Its central government is of the third type above mentioned. The Educational Council is composed of six DINE four of whom are chosen by the Cantonal Council, and the other two by the whole hods of teachers. It controls the or ganization of education in the canton. The coin 111tiAtiiMIS that direct the cantonal schools, i.e. the gyi nasium. middle schools. higher schools, tech Meal institute,, and colleges, are ap pointed by the Cantonal Council on nomination by the Educational Council and Director Education. For local organization and control of education there are provinces, distriets, and communes. Each province has a committee, elected partly by the teachers alone, partly by the rest of the voters. Its function is to visit the schools and supervise their general conduct. There is a district committee elected by the voters to control the secondary school of the district, and determine the amount to be raised from local taxation for its support. For the pri mary school also there is a district organization, including usually several communes, the voters of which have a general assembly to determine school measure:. The communal primary school
i., controlled by its local board. In Zurich alone of all the Swiss cantons, there are no school in spectors. In these two cantons, Zurich and hem, we have illustrated the extremes between the systems of the other cantons fall.
In Switzerland, generally. the support of all universities and higher secondary schools is by etntonal funds. aided occasionally by the cities i1/1 which such schools may lie situated. The district and communal schools are supported by local taxes with cantonal aid. There exist for such support permanent communal funds made up of fees and gifts. and in all Switzerland they amount to over 58,000.000 francs. Moreover, twelve cantons have a permanent cantonal fund for Volksschule purposes. This does not, how by any means provide for the support of the schools. Of the total expenditure on pri mary education, it is estimated that the local authorities furnish about two-thirds, the rest coining from the but in t;eneva, where the French ideas prevail, the canton furnishes 74 per cent. of sueh flids. In general. in the wealthier cantons the canton furnishes the commune less of the total raised. The can tonal grants are made either in proportion to the total expense of the commune. or to its poverty and need for aid. or. as is more commonly the ease. to both these prineiples. The ea money largely a contribution for teachers' salaries, the school being left mainly to the communes. The canton usually contributes a greater proportion of the amount necessary to support the district second ary schools than of that for the emninunal pri mary schools. In the raising, of school funds the general legislative bodies of communes and can tons usually fix the total amounts, and the dis of expenditures is left in the hands of the school authorities. In sonic cases, how ever, as in Zurich, the communal school board ran lets• the local school taxes. Of for the support of schools the pri primary, district. and eolith-motion schools get nearly three-fourths: higher second ary and technical education receives less. For thy• organization of Swiss universities, sic UNi \tits' rY.