DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS IN TILE PAST. De tailed information regarding the range of the va rious fossil animals throughout the geological formations is given in the articles on the separate groups and genera. and the range of fossil plants is described in the article PALEOBOTAN Y. It is necessary here to give only a general view of the distribution of those groups of animals which are of most importance to the student of strati graphic paleontology. The vertical divisions of the table represent geological periods, and the thickness of the black lines indicates the relative expansion of the groups. The selection of the group names is based entirely upon their impor tance as fossils and bas nothing to do with their rank as members of a zoological classification.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pictet, Traite de paleontologic Bibliography. Pictet, Traite de paleontologic (Paris, 1S53-57) ; Owen, Manual of Pahrontology (7th ed., London, 1871) ; Nicholson and Lyd deker, id. (Edinburgh and London, 1889) ; De Lapparent, Trate de geologic (4th ed., Paris. 1900; Fischer, Manuel de conchyliologie et de paleontologie conchyliologiquc ( Paris, 1888) ; Frech, Lethcea Geognostica, vols. i.-iii. (Stutt gart, 1883-1901) ; Sehimper, Traits de paleontolo gic vegetate (Paris, 1869-74) ; Renault. Lours de botanigue fossile (ib., 1881-85) ; Gawky, Les en chainements du monde animal duns les temps geologigues (ib., 1883-90) ; id., Essoi de paleon tologique philosophique (ib., 1896) ; Huxley, "Principles and Methods of Paleontology," Smithsonian Institution, .4 naval Report (Wash ington, 1869) ; Koken. Paliiontologie and Descendenzlehre (Jena, 1902) ; id., Die Vorwelt and i/ire Ent wickelangsgcschichte (Leipzig, 1893) ; id., Die Leitfossilien (Leipzig. 1896) Mart, The Principles of Stratigraphical Geology (Cambridge, 1898) ; Marsh, History and Methods of Research (New Haven, 1879) ; Miller, North A merican Geology and Palcrontol ogy for the Use of Amateurs. Students, and Scien tists, with two Appendices (Cincinnati, 1589 9i) ; Neumayr, Erllgeschiehte (Leipzig, 18921; id.. "Klimatisehe Zonen willorend der Jnra- cud Kreide-Zeit," Dcnkschriftcn der kaimrliehea Akademie der .1Visscnsehaft en (Vienna, 1883) ; Drtmann. "An Examination of the Arguments by Neumayr for the Existence of Climatic Zones in Jurassic Time:" American Journal of Science. 4 series, vol. i. (Yew Haven, 1896) ; Osborn. "The Paleontological Evidence for the Transmission of Acquired Characters," Amer ican Yaturalist, vol. xxiii. (Boston, 1349); "The Geological and Faunal Relations of Europe and America During the Tertiary Period." A ?mots of the Neu- York Academy of Sciences. col. xiii.
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1S92) ; id., Geological Biology (New York. 1895) ; Woods, E/ementary Paleontology for Geological Students, 3d edition (Cambridge. 19021; stedt, Handbuch der Petrefaktenkunde (Tubin gen, 1885) ; Zittel, Handbuch der Palaontologie (Leipzig, 1876-92) : id., "Pabeontology and the Biogenetic Law," Natural Science, vol. vi. ( Lon don, 1895) ; id., Gesehichte der Geologic and Palgontologie his Ende des 111, Jahr-hand, its (Leipzig, 1899; translated by Ogilvie Gordon, (New York. 1901): Iloernes. 1'a/cioatoluyic (Leipzig, 1899) ; Zittel and Eastman. Textbook of Palmantology (New York, Annual lists of the current literature are published by the United States Geological Survey and by the Geological Society of London, and in Ntios Jahrburh fur Mineralogic. Geologic fool Pukon tologie (Stuttgart). Bibliographic; relcrenees to the literature on the various elasses of fossil organisms are inserted under their individual titles.
See the following articles: GEoLouv: DIsTRIRU THIN OF ANIMALS: EMl.ouY; EVoLuTIn NE0LA ; OCKANUBRAPHY; ROCK: )'r;TeoLoGY: BIOLOGY BoTA NY ; ZOOLOGY; CLAsSIFICATIoN OF ANIMALS; HEREDITY; PALEoBOTANY ; etc.