ENGLAND. Before the sixteenth century there was notldng beyond the realistic treatment of tile shepherd scenes in the drama. an 1 Rohene and Makyne of Robert llenry-on 1506?), written in the Scotch dialect. The pas. tural on the Continental model made its first English amfu•a ranee in the -ix dull eclogues of „Alexander Barclay Id. 1552). They closely re semble the work of Mantuan. In 1563 appeared eight equally dull by Barnabe 1;ooge. To Totters Miscellany 11757, surrey contrib uted two beautiful pastoral sol•g- in the Italian manner. The important date for the English pastoral is 1579. when Edmund lished the Shepherd's Cub whir. in twelve ec logues under this title. Spenser the lead ing motives—allegory, and love. During the next quarter of a century English litera ture became saturated with pastoral sentiment. In all the great writers lived the image of a 'golden world' somewhere in Areadia or the Forest of Arden. The pastoral poem was culti vated in many lyrics, of which may be cited :Mar lowe's Passionate ph, rd ; and in many lections. as Britannia's Pastorals of William Browne and the Ecioglu s of I feorge kin rs. I Ji romance, inspired originally Ify Italy and Spain, the most typical is sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (1590t, which had many There was, moreover, another large group of romancers. at the 14ead of whom stood Robert 1;reene and Thomas Lodge. the author. rf --pee tively of Menaphan (I.55)Ii and Posaiimf I I:PHI ndyino charm was given to the pastoral heal by Fletcher. Ben awl shakespu are. in The Faithful ,s id Sheph. rd. and As l'oa Likc It A generating later Milton placed the masque in an exquisite pastoral his great dirge in tin n•ani er of (comas and Lacidagl. After :Millen the English pastoral fell into sad way-. The pastoral of Pope and Ambro-e —nth in 170n—a re utterly eon\ iona 1.
Their when not borrowed, 1, it her false or s, a- to convey not hi na In ridieule of Philips, .Tohn ;ay professed to rnstie lit' with the alit off. She ph, rd's 11".. k
117111 probably come- near count manners. William wrote everal pretty ballads. in which al pear "...treph. n In I \\*e come to something better in Allan G. Sh, rd 1 a gmmrine picture of Seoteh rural life. Later in the eight vend' century. the pastoral was fused with u ther forms of descriptive poetry and hardly .xi-t4.1 a- an independent species. The pastoral elo ments may. however. be uncovered. For examplu the summons from the city to the country. so fre quent in Cowper, is a motive of Spenser. And the lyrics of Bunts, many of them, are pastoral songs. The Vergilian type of pastoral has be come thoroughly discredited. But several of the greatest English poets in the nineteenth cen tury drew upon the Sicilian idylists. There they found truth, grace, and charm. The two finest dirges since Aliiton—Shelley's Adonis and Ar nold's Thyrsis—go back to Bion and Moschus. Pastoral themes were beautifully rendered by Laudon in some of his IDIlenies (1S47), for ex ample "The Hamadryad." Theocritus is easily discovered in Tennyson's Dora and The Miller's Daughter.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. ..Material for the history of the Bibliography. ..Material for the history of the pastoral is scattered. Consult: Lang, Theocrit us, Bion, and Mochus, "Golden Treasury Series" (London and New York, 18S0) Gaspary, Ge sehichte der itallenischen Litteratur (Berlin, 1885-88) ; better in the translation of Zingarelli, Stork( delta letteratura italiana (Turin. 1389 91) ; Warren, History of the Nord (New York. 1895) ; Dunlop. llistory of Prose Fiction (18881; Herford, spens( r: Shepherd's Calendar (ib., 1S95) ; Chambers, English Pastorals (ib., 1S96) ; Stedman, Victorian Poets (ib., 1887) : Smith, "Pastoral Influence in the English Drama," in the Publications of the Modern Language Asso ciation (Baltimore. 1897) : the authorities re ferred to under PROVENcAL, FRENCH, and SPAN 1511 LITERATURES; and the writers mentioned in this article.