A series of petty quarrels and the tiresome story of the substitution of one riding function ary for another make up a great part of the his tory of Peru during the next two centuries. The conntry became one of the four viceroyalties of Spanish America, and the Spanish authority was fully established and administered by successive viceroys. The Province of Quito was separated from Peril in 1718, and in 1788 considerable ter ritories in the south were detached and formed into the Government of Buenos Ayres. At the outbreak of the War of Indepenth:nce in South America, Spain. which had declined greatly in internal strength, was distracted by the French invasion and the dissensions of a l'eff,elleV; timeless in July, 1816, when the Vic'erol; Abascal turned over his office to Don Joat;in de In Pezuela, there was a Spanish army of 23,000 men in Peru and all resistance had apparently been stamped out in Chile, Upper Peru (Bolivia), Quito, and New Granada, Buenos Ayres alone maintaining her independence. Peru was the last of the Spanish South American posses sions to set up the standard of independence. In August, 1820, an army under General San one of the liberators of Chile, landed at Lima, and, after a number of successes both on sea and land. in which the patriots were effec tively assisted by Lord Cochrane, General Miller, and other English volunteers, the independence of the country was proclaimed at Lima, July 28, 1821. San Martin assumed the protectorate of the young Republic. By the spring of 1822 he had forced the surrender of the last large body of Spanish troops. At this juncture General Bolivar (q.v.), flushed with his successes in the north, landed at Guayaquil. San Nartin, recog nizing the dangers of rivalry, arranged a meeting on July 26, 1822, the details of which were never made public, but as a result of which San Mar tin resigned, and, a year later; retired to England. A Congress was summoned, and on February 28, 1823, Don Jose de la Iliva Aguero was installed as the first President of Peru. Mennwhile the scattered bands of Spanish royalists had man aged to collect in the south, around Cuzco, and the agents of Bolivar succeeded in persuading the Congress to depose Riva Aguero. On September 1, 1823, Bolivar landed at Callao and devoted himself to organizing an army. On February 10, 1824, he was appointed supreme dictator by the Congress. For a while the royalists under Canterae made considerable headway, occupying Callao Castle and forcing Bolivar to evacuate Lima. The two armies met on the plains of Junin, where a remarkable battle was fought in which the Peruvian cavaky turned de feat into victory by repeated charges with their lances. The Spaniards retired to Cuzco, where the Viceroy, La Serra, concentrated his forces for a final stand. On December 9th a battle was fought at Ayacucho in which the patriots, under General Sucre, were completely successful, and the Spanish officials and generals, with over three thousand soldiers, surrendered. The guerrilla fighting continued for a while in the north, where General Olailate stubbornly held out until shot by his own troops in April, 1825. In 1826 the Spaniards evacuated Callao and the war was at an end. Bolivar, on February 10, 1825, resigned the dictatorship, but was immediately reappointed, and remained in control of the Government until March, 1827, when he re turm-d to Colombia with his soldiers. On June 4, 1S27, a congress met and framed a pro visional Constitution, adopted in 1828. General Lamar was elected President. Lannir promptly forced a quarrel with Bolivar, who declared war and defeated him, enforcing a money indemnity and the surrender of Guayaquil. The history of the next thirty-five years is the record of repeated changes in Government, one man after another gaining a personal ascendency, lasting a few days or years, until sonic rival took ad vantage of his mistakes to supplant him. Withal, the state of the country gradually improved, commercially, socially, and intellectually, but with few events of especial interest or impor tance.
In April, 1864, a Spa-nish squadron seized the Chineha Islands in reparation for injuries sus tained by Spanish subjects. President Pezet was unwilling to risk a war with Spain, and a treaty of peace was signed in January, 1865. The action of the President aroused bitter opposition in the country; he was declared a traitor by the Assembly, and in February a revolution broke out which ended in the overthrow of Pezet and the proclamation of Mariano Ignacio Prado as dictator (November 26, 1865). Au alliance
against Spain as concluded with Chile, Ecua dor, and Bolivia?, war being declared in January, 1866. On May 2, 1866, a Spanish fleet bom barded Callao, but was compelled to withdraw. This marked the termination of hostilities. In 1879 Peru as the ally of Bolivia became involved in war with Chile. (See BOLIVIA; CHILE.) In October, 1879, the Peruvian man-of-war lluasear was captured by the Chilean fleet, and on Novem ber 19th the forces of Bolivia and Peru were overwhelmed at Dolores. A Chilean army under General Baquedano captured lloquegua and Tacna, two important cities in Southern Peru, in March and May, 1880. Early in June the same general carried the almost impregnable strong hold of Arica by storm, thus gaining possession of the whole of Southern Peru. In the meantime the Chilean fleet was blockading or pillaging the Northern Peruvian seaports. The Peruvians re fusing to accede to the terms for peace dictated by Chile, Baquedano organized an expedition against Lima. This expedition started in Novem ber, by water, and landed at Pisco and Curayaco, about 200 miles south of Lima. With an army 30,000 strong, the Chilean general marched on the capital, spreading devastation along the way. The Peruvians were defeated at Chorillos on January 13, 1881, and at Miraflores on January 15th. and on January 17th the Chileans made their entry into Lima. Capt. Patrick Lynch, the leader in a raid which had devastated the north ern coast towns, was appointed Chilean comman dant of the town. After the fall of Lima desultory fighting continued until a treaty of peace was concluded, October 20, 1833. Peril ceded to Chile the District of TarapaeA and the Territories of Tacna and Arica for a term of ten years; the people of these territories to decide by popular vote whether they wished to return to Peru or to remain under Chilean rule. This term was further extended, Chile apparently distrusting the result of the plebiscite, and the territory has become practically Chilean. The war left Peru in a shattered and bankrupt condition, from which it has very slowly recovered. Boundary disputes,'es pecially with Chile, have arisen periodically to threaten the peace relations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rivero and Tsehudi, Peruvian Bibliography. Rivero and Tsehudi, Peruvian Antiquities (New York, 1853) ; Tsehudi, t'nter warn fiber die Fauna Peru ana ( Leipzig, 1844-46) ; Fajardo, Tratado dc grogrofia fisica politica y dcseriptira dr la reptibliea peruana (Lima, 1861) ; Grandidier, Fogage dans rAme du gad. Peron Ct Bolirie (Paris, 1861) ; Menendez, Manuel de !imam fia y estadistica dr! Penh (Paris, 1862) ; Paz Soblan, Groin-aria del Perri lb., 18(i2) ; id., Dirrionorio geognifico cstadistico del Peri; (Lima. 18791; Hill, '''ravels in Peru. and Mexico (London, 18601 ; Lopez, Les races aryennes du Peron (Paris, 1871): Tsehudi. Reiscn durch Siidamcrika (Leipzig. 1866-69) : Bollaert, Antiquarian. Ethnological. and Other Researches in New Granada, Ecuador, and Peru (London, 1860) ; Hutchinson, Two Years in Peru with Explorations of Its Antiquities, (ib., 1874) ; Raimondi, El Peru (Lima, 1874-76) ; Carrey, Le Perou (Paris, 1875) ; Squier, Observa tions on the Geography and Archwology of Peru (London, 1870) ; id., Peru (lb_ 1877) ; Falb, Das Land der InIa (Leipzig, 1833) ; Markham, The Thar &Demi, Peru and Chile, 1879-81 (Lon don, 1883) ; De las Casas, De las antiguas genies del Peru (Madrid, 1892) ; Peru (Berlin, 1893) ; lieclus, Nouvelle geographic uni rerselle, vol. xviii. (Paris, 1893) ; Cisneros and Garcia, Geografia comercial de hr. America del ud (Lima, 1897) ; id., El Peril en Europa (ib., 1900) : Haenke, Dcscripcion del Perri (ib., 1901) ; "Biblioteca Peruana," in Biblio teca del institute) Naciontil (Santiago, 1890). For history, consult: Fuentes (ed.), Menaorias de los rirreyes que hen gobernado cl Peri& (Lima. ; Od riozol a • D ocu ni en tos histdricos del Perin (ib., 1863-64) ; Prescott, History of the Conquest of Peru ( Philadelphia. 1868) ; Mark ham, History of Peru. (London, 1892).