:MODERN FRENCH PERIODICALS. In France the periodicals originating in the eighteenth century begin with Jb'woircs pour set-1* i1 l'histoire des Sciences et des Arts (1701-67), founded by the Jesuit Michel le Tellier and Philippe LaIleman at Tri-voux (whence it is known as the Journal de Tri'vouxi: it gained a high and well-deserved reputation as a critical authority. In 1703 Jean Leclerc began. in continuation of his Bibliotheque unirersellc et historian(' i,ee above), a review en titled Di/Mot/1(pr choisie, which was issued until 1713 and was followed by his Bibliotlu'aue an cienne et moderne (1714-27). These. as well as various other periodical- edited by Frenchmen in this period. were printed in Ilolland. Among them are to be noted reviews of particular foreign literatures, as the Ilihliotheque anglaise (1717 19), and the ih'moires litt1raires de In Grande Bretagne (1120-24) of :Wylie] de la Roche (see above), and the Bibliothegue grrnrrrique (1520 40) of Jacques Lenfant. About this time the English periodical essay found imitators in France: Marivaux published in 1722 the et a teur franrais. which was followed by a number of other publications of a similar character. Other literary journals were the lb:moires secrets de in re'publique des fellow (1;4.4-481: the Ob serrutions .cur les s'erits modernes (1735-43) of Desfontaines; the Lefties sal. (octanes 1erits de cc temps (1749-54) and E'11.1nee litt&aire (1754-90) of Frjron; and the sur la littr:rature modern(' (1149-52) Cobs, tern Iftteunire (1755-611 of the Abb4'• de in Porte. In 1754 a review, the Journal Ora n!” r, designed to deal with foreign literature in general. was founded by Fr,'•ron, Grimm. Prr•vo-4. and others; it ceased to appear in 1762. This was followed by the litt&aire (1761-661, in the edit idi7 of which Voltaire and Diderot had a hand. The 111(noires secrets pour mrrir d l'histaire de in r•(pnbligue (les lettres (1762-871. ako called Bachaumont, from it founder. are an important record of contemporary social and literary conditions; the same is true of the Cor r-es/n/dance litt(raire scent( 11774-93). Of a more genera] character were the magazines /W ord(' ph 11,040 phigil 0—la ter the Revue philnso phigue—( 1795-1807 , of P. L. Gingueml, the most important Freneh periodical of it- time. and the Mugasin founded in 1792 and continued 1817 as the Annales encriclnpe' (aque.s and the rue encyclapt'digue, until 1832. During the second half of this century appeared a number of periodicals dealing with special sub jects, such as agriculture, commerce. political eeonomy. military and naval affairs, and so on. In the early part of the nineteenth century. under both the Empire and the Restoration, the periodi cal as well as the newspaper press was ham percd by many restrictions aml but little progress nas made. In 1;nizot. and others
started the Perme francuim, in imitation of the English reviews; it lived, however, only years. In 1829 appeare41 the de Parts. which was i.-tied until 1510. The same year (15'9) saw the founding of the ales Deux Mosul, s, Ire Si%gur-Dureyron and Alauroy; dur ing 1530 it was not published, but in 1531 it re appeared, .1 Rd ever since has maintained the high reputation NI, h ich it at once attained. Pierre Le roux and 11eorge Sand started the Peru(' ill PA]; it ceased to appear iii 1848. :My an others. equally short-lived, followed it. A the later literary periodicals arc the 0111"1 Brnie (1579-1: Lc Lirrc (1550—) ; the Ri rue di Paris (I : aml the Rune Dri lunuiqut 15!5-1!1111 ) S.NlonEnx 11JalmAN l'Eniontem.s. In 11ermany since the beginning of the eighteenth century development has been mainly in the direction of the learned, and. especially in recent times, of the scientific periodical. An extraordinary number of these have been published. many of thorn of great value. Literature. however, has also been well represented. Only a few of these journals can be mentioned. One of the earliest and most important was the Scot- Z,itungen ion ye/el:rico Norhen, Ion:Idol by J. lirati.-e in 1715 and carried ou until 17117. "It was the first attempt to apply the form of the weekly political journal to learned subjects." Still more notable is the (i ut Boqissehs yeichilr .1n:cif/cu. founded 1739 as the Z, it ungun rim ycichrti•n Soulico.and conducted front that time until the present by member, of the faculty of the University of Gatingen, among NVI10111 have been Ilaller, Heyne, and Eichhorn. In 17941 the publisher Nicolai founded the ill peincine deutsche Bibliothck, was issued until 1506. Lessing and Alendelssohn aided in conducting the !trig(' die neucste Litterator be iruffrml ( 1759-65), also founded by Nicolai. \Vie land founded Der deutsche Merkur (1773-89; revived 1790-1810). The into-mein(' Litturator -eitunq, established by Itertuch in 1755 and issued until 154S, was one of the most important of Ger man literary periodicals; the same may be said of the .1 enoische ollgewrine (1504-451 , founded by Eichstiidt. The ll'ieutr Jahrhiieher der Lith rotor (1818-48) enjoyed a high reputation, as did, for its learning. //critics (1819-311. founded by \V. T. Krug. Tile Jahr r fur wissenschttftliche Kritik (1S37-16), published by rotta, and the lleidelbcraer Jahr biiehi r der Litt, 'whir (1S08) should a K.° lie men tioned. fif more recent date are the Deutsche icrt full rsschrif t Die Orco.-:boten (15-0-1 Unscrc Zcit ( 1857—) Preussische d rbiicher ( 8.58— ; Die (lege,' worl the Litt( ratur:ritung (Jena. 1874-1: Thu:dm-boo (1s74-1 Die or Zeit ; Nord tied Sud (157S—) : Diu _Votion 1888—) ; Die Zukunft (1803—)•