PAUL 1V., Pope 1555-59, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa. He was born at Naples in 1476. In 1494 lie entered the service of the Curia, and in 1507 was appointed Bishop of Chieti, in which see he labored most earnestly for the reforma tion of abuses, and for the revival of religion and morality. With this view he established, in conjunction with several congenial reformers, the congregation of secular clergy called Thea tines (q.v.). and was himself the first superior. It was under his influence that Paul III. organ ized the Tribunal of the Inquisition in Rome. On the death of Mareellus II. in 1555. although in his seventy-ninth year, he was elected to succeed him. Ile enforced vigorously upon the clergy the observance of all the clerical duties, and enacted laws for the maintenance of public morality. lie established a censorship, and completed the organization of the Roman Inquisition; he took measures for the alleviation of the burdens of the poorer classes, and for the better administra tion of justice, not sparing even his own nephews, whom he banished from Rome on account of their conduct and profligate life. Ills foreign relations, too, involved him in much labor and perplexity. He insisted on the restoration of Church property in England, a demand which Julius III. had in the interests of peace refused to press; and on Elizabeth's accession declared her illegitimate and not entitled to the throne. lle was embroiled with the Emperor Ferdinand, with Philip 11. of Spain, and with Cosmo, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Having condenmed the prin ciples of the Peace of Augsburg. he protested against its provisions.—PAL V., Pope 1605-21, Camillo Borghese. He was born in Rome in 1550. In his early life he was a distinguished canonist and theologian; and after the ordinary prelatical career at Rome he rose first to the post of Nuncio at the Spanish Court, and after wards to the cardinalate under Clement VIII.
His Pontificate is rendered memorable by the celebrated conflict with the Republic of Venice, into which he was plunged at the very outset of his career. The original ground of dispute was the question of the immunity of the clergy from the jurisdiction of civil tribunals. The Venetian Senate resisted the claim of the clergy to be tried by ecclesiastical tribunals; and further causes of dispute were added by a mortmain law, and a law prohibiting the establishment of new religious Or ders or associations unless with the sanetion of the Senate. Each party remaining inflexible in its determination, Paul issued a brief, directing a sen tence of excommunication against the Doge and Senate, and placing the Republic under an inter dict unless submission should be made within twenty-four days. The Senate persisted, and an animated contliet, as well of acts as of writings, ensued. in the latter of which the celebrated Era Paolo Sarpi, on the side of the Republic, mid on the Papal side liellarmine and Baronius, were the leaders. Preparations were even made for actual hostilities; but, by the intervention of Henry TV. of Frame, the dispute was accommo dated and peace restored in 1607, although dis satisfaction afterwards arose on the subject of the nomination of a patriarch. Paul's adminis tration was a vigorous and noble one, and marked by the development of religious Orders and mis sionary enterprise. Consult his Life by T. A. Trollope (London, 186]).