PAULSEN, poul'sen, FRIEDRICH (1846— ), A German philosopher of the Neo-Kantian school. He was horn in Langenhorn, Schleswig, and studied at Erlangen and at Berlin, where he became docent in 1875, and in 1878 professor of philosophy and pedagogy, and where his lectures were among the most widely attended in Ger many. His chief works in the latter branch are "Griindung, Organisation und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitaten im Mittelalter," in Sybel's Zeitsehrift (1881) ; Gesehiehle des ge lehrten Unterrichts auf den deutsehen Schulen end Universitiiten (1885: 2d ed. 1896) ; Real gymnasium und humanistisehe Bilden° (1889) ; and Hohere gehulen and Universitiitsstudium im 20. Jahrhundert (1901). As a philosopher Paul sen ranks as a disciple of Fechner in meta physics, holding his pan-psychic doctrine and agreeing with him as to the parallelism between physical and mental. In general, his agreement with Fechner is best seen in the widely known Einleitung in die Philosophic (1892; 7th ed.
1900), of which an English version appeared in 1895. Equally characteristic is the important genetic study of the Kantian system. Versed!. einer Entwicklungsycsehichte der Kantischen Erkenntnisstheoric (1875), and the supplemen tary work, Immanuel Kant (1898; 2d cd. 1899). His other works are: Kant der Philosoph des Protestantismus (1899) ; Schopenhauer, Ham let end ilephistopheles (1900), a series of es says; Philosophia Militans (1900) 2d ed. 1901), a reply to Haeckel's (E'eBraise); and the excellent manual, Ethik (1889; 5th ed. 1899; partial English version. 1899), which is especially noteworthy for its historical sketch and for its practical treatment of the ethics of every-day life and of politics. The last topic is considered in Parteipolitik, and Moral (1900).