PAWTUCK'ET. An important manufactur ing city in Providence County, R. 1., 4 miles north of Providence, on both sides of the Paw tucket Rive•, at the head of navigation, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Rail road (Slap: Rhode Island, C 2). Pawtucket covers an area of nearly nine square miles. It has Daggett Park. Collye• Monument, and a Soldiers' Memorial :Monument, several in teresting bridges of various types, Sayles Me morial Library. Home for Aged Poor, Emer gency Hospital, and a State armory. Among the more prominent business structures are the Safe Deposit Building, Industrial Trust Build ing, Providence County Savings Bank, Taylor Building, and Kinyon Block. Other points of interest are Ten-Mile River and Pawtucket Falls, 50 feet in height, noteworthy alike for beauty of scenery and as the source of great water power.
Pawtucket is well known for the extent and variety of its manufactures, which include cot ton, silk, and woolen goods, plush, velvet braid, webbing. various kinds of machinery, foundry products, gymnasium supplies, electrical sup plies, thread, hair-cloth, yarns, and wire. There are also numerous dyeing, bleaching, and finish ing establishments. The government is vested in a mayor annually elected, a bicameral coun cil. and in administrative officials, the majority of whom are elected by the council. The school committee is independently chosen by popular vote. Pawtucket spends annually in mainte nance and operation over $700,000, the municipal budget balancing at nearly $1,325.000. The prin cipal items of expense are $133,000 for the operation of the wate•-wo•ks, $133,000 for schools, $50,000 for the police department, $40, 001t for the fire department, and $38,000 for municipal lighting. The w•ater-works, which were built in 1878 by the city at a cost of over $1.840.000, are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 27,633; in 1900. 39.231.
The portion of the city of Pawtucket on the west side of the river was originally the prin cipal village in the town of North Providence, which was incorporated in 1765. This town was divided in 1874, and the village of Pawtucket was consolidated with the town of Pawtucket on the cast side of the river as the town of Pawtucket, which in 1886 was incorporated as a city. The
portion of Pawtucket on the east of the river was originally in Massachusetts, and was in corporated as the town of Pawtucket in 1828, having been set off from the parent town of Seekonk. In 1862 the town of Pawtucket, Mass., was ceded to Rhode Island. and remained a separate town until its consolidation with the village of Pawtucket in North Providence in 1874. The first cotton factory in the States was established here in 1790 by Samuel Slater. This mill is still standing. Consult Greene, The Providence Plantations (Providence, IsR6).
PAX (Lat5, peace), called also PACIFICALE and OSCULATOBIUM. The 'kiss of peace,' and also a sacred utensil, employed in some of the solemn services of the Catholic Church in the ceremony of giving the so-called 'kiss of peace' during the mass. The practice of saluting each other—the men, men, and the women, women—during public worship, and particularly in the agape, or love feast, is frequently alluded to by ancient writers, as Cyril of Jerusalem, and Augustine. All the ancient liturgies, without exception, refer to it as the rites with which the encharist was celebrated; but they differ as to the time and the place in the eucharistic service in which it is introduced. The ceremony eommenccs with the celebrating bishop or priest, who, after kissing the altar, salutes the deacon., not (in modern times) by an actual kiss, hut by placing the hands upon his shoulders and slightly inclining the head toward him. By the deacon the salute is tendered to the other clergy assisting. Orig inally, the laity also were included. hut this has long since been abandoned. It is when the mass is celebrated by a high dignitary that the utensil called the pax is used. The pax is sometimes a crucifix, sometimes a reliquary, sometimes a tablet with a figure sculptured or enameled upon it. Having been kissed by the celebrant, and by him handed to the deacon. it is carried by the latter to the rest of the clergy. The pax is omitted in the mass of Maundy Thursday (q.v.), to express horror of the treacherous kiss of Judas.