Alodern Palestine is broken up into a number of administrative districts. The .Mutesarrif of the Sanjak (province) of Jerusalem governs the southern part west of Jordan. The remainder of Western Palestine with the Belka is a part of the Vilayet of Beirut. East of the Jordan, all north of the Jabhok belongs to the Sanjak of Hauran. The population of the Sanjak of Jerusalem is about 320,000: that of the remainder of the coun try is variously estimated, but exact figures cannot be obtained. The total is probably near 650,000. It has increased more rapidly in later years. Under a good government and with more thorough cultivation, several times this number could be easily supported.
IlitmlocuArnY. The literature on Palestine is enormous and wilj, be found fully registered down to 1878 in Rohrieht's Bibliothceu Ueograph ieu Palestina' (Berlin, 1890). Outside of the Bible and Josephus the older works of impor tance are few. The Onomasticon of Eusehius (Latin trans. by Jerome) and the various ac counts of pilgrimages from .Jerome to the Cru saders arc valuable as contemporary witnesses, but not reliable for identification of ancient sites or for ancient history. The great works of Reland, Palestine (Utrecht, 1714), and flitter, Erdkumle, vols. xiv.-xvii.(Berlin, 1848-53), are still of great value, especially for the notices by early writ ers. The results of modern exploration are given in Robinson, Biblical Researches (Boston, 1841 and ]S56) ; id., Physical Geography (Boston, 1865) ; the various works of Titus 'Fabler, from 1849 to 1868; Guerin, Description de la Palestine (7 vols., Paris, 1868-89) the Quarterly State
ments of the Palestine Exploration Fund (Lon 1869 et seq.); the seven quarto volumes of the Surrey of Palestine, published by the Fund; and in the publications of the Gel'Infill ( Leipzig, 1878 et seq.) . To these, as of special value, may be added: The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Teat Society (13 vols., Pales tine Exploration Fund) ; Schumacher, The Jaulan, Across the Jordan, and A jlmi• (London, 1888.1889, and 1890) The Surrey of ern Palestine (ib.. 1886) ; Le Strange, Pales tine Under the Moslems (ib., 1890) ; Tris tram, The Fauna and Flora of l'alestine 1884) ; and other works published by the Palestine Exploration Fund. Comprehensive general treatises on Palestine are the guide books of Baedeker and Nurray; G. A. Smith, The His torical Geography of the Holy Land (London, 1897) ; and Buhl, Geographic Palestina (Leipzig, 1896), most excellent. For the most ancient period, consult Paton, Early history of Syria and Palesdine (New York, 1901), where a full bibliog raphy will be found. The standard histories of Israel and the archirologies of Benzinger and Nowaek (both 1894) are valuable' for the Old Testament period. For the era from n.e. 175 to A.D. 135, Sehiirer, History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. trans., Edin burgh, 1886-90), is the most reliable work. An excellent map is that of Smith and Bartholomew (Edinburgh. 1902) ; the maps of Kiepert and of the Palestine Exploration Fund are also to be recommended.