TESTING OF 1:EFINED OIT.S, Refilled oils are usually tested for their color, and burning points, and sometimes for their be havior when motel] (cold test). The color is determinable by inspection. The gravity is a measure of the purity of the distillate. Too large a propoorlion of the lighter oils renders the product unsafe for illuminating purposes. while too a of the heavier oils interferes with its free burning The test is eommonly made by the oil in a tall jar and a hydrometer marked preferably with the Batumi; scale (water has a value of 10 on this scale), The temperature of oil when this test is made should be 00° F. The lire test in inchules the determination of the /lashing point, i.e. the temperature to which the oil must be heated in order to produce a momentary explo of the mixture of inflammable and of the point, i.e. the temperature to which the oil must he heated in contact with the air to take tire and burn on the surface. The point is commonly from (° to 20° C. than the point. Kerosene for pur poses should have a point of not loss than 110° F., and a point of not less than 125°. Both the flashing point and burning point are carefully regulated by law in most civ ilized countries so as to run the minimum risk from explosion, The cold test is of importance for lubricating oils, and is made in order to ole termine the temperature at whieh the oil thickens or lawfully: cloudy. It can be made by the oil in a small tube ii ml the temperature at which the oil ceases to flow when the tube is inclined.
I:8Es. The two chief uses of the distillates from crude petroleum are for illumination and lubrication, hut the various fractions in many eases have special applications. is used as a local petroleum ether is em ployed as a solvent for eamitehoue. fatty oils, and plant principles, and for carlmreting air in machines; is employed in the extraetion of oil from oil seeds, in coal in lamps, stoves, and plumbers' lamps. Naphthas in are employed as solvents for resins in and in the manufac ture of oilcloth. Boulevard fluid is a prod uct of 0.58 specific used in street lamps, while benzoline is a deodorized naphthol of 0.70 speeifie gravity. Benzine is employed for dry as a substitute for and adulterant of turpentine for cleaning printer's type, and for dyers' and painters' use. The benzine of the U. S. Pharmaeopwia has a speeific o 0.67 to 0.77, and a point of 122° to 144°,
and therefore represents a distillate. Astral oil and mineral sperm oil are special illu oils of points. Crude pe troleum is much used for fuel purposes in en the Pacific Coast, espeeially it southern California, where coal is scarce, Ph+ bwomotives eamstime of erode oil Paraffin residue is placed on the market fo medicinal purposes under the name of vaseline petroleum ointment, and eosmoline. It is alai used in the manufacture of and for purposes in electric work.
PitonrcTiox. The of the petroleum in! dustry ill the United States is shown in the fol lowing table, which gives the annual production at intervals from 1859 to 1900: The production of crude petroleum in the United States in 1901 amounted to 69,389,194 barrels, valued at $66,417,335. Of this quantity, 48.43 per cent. came from the Appalachian field, 31.61 per cent. from the Lima-Indiana area, and 19.94 from the other area combined. The number of gallons of petroleum and its derivatives exported in 1901 was 1.062.750.306, valued at 871.479.124. This went to all parts of the world, but chiefly to Europe. In this same year the quantity of manu factured petroleum exported by Russia was 36.8 per cent. of that exported by the United States. New York is the leading port of exportation. with Philadelphia second. So large has the export trade become that some countries have a large fleet of specially constructed tank steamers en gaged in the oil-carrying trade. Up to 1899 the total tonnage of these was nearly 400,000 tons. The world's production of petroleum in 1901 was as follows: See SHALE OIL; ASPHALT; GAS, NATURAL.
BIBLIoGRAp1117. GENERAL, ON REFINING AND PROPERTIES. Thomson and Redwood, Handbook of Petroleum (London, 1901) ; Redwood, A Treatise on Petroleum (ib.. 1901) ; "Petro leum," in The Mim cal Industry. vol. ii. (New York, 1S93) ; Sadtler, "The Technical Utilization of Petroleum and It- Products." in The Mineral Industry, vol. iv. lib., 1895) ; Folger. "Pe troleum: Its Production and Products." in An nual Report of Sieretary of Internal .1 ffairs, Pennsylvania. pt. III. (Harrisburg. 1892 ; Ser ies of Papers by Sadtler, Peckham. Day, Phil lips, and on the "Origin and Chemical Composition of Petroleum," in of the .4 mrriran Philosophieal Society. vol. xxxvi. (Philadelphia, : Peckham. "Pet roleum," Report of Tinth Censns (Washington, lms11),