PALATINATE, TILE (Ger. Pfa(z, palace). The name of two little countries in the old Ger man Empire, the Upper Palatinate and the Lower or Rhenish Palatinate, whieh were politically con nected till 1620. The Upper Palatinate is at present included within the Bavarian district of the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) and Regens burg. The capital was Amberg. The Lower Palatinate (Unterpfalz) was composed of an ir regular and disjointed territory on both sides of the Rhine, included roughly within the space marked oil' by the cities of Mainz, Worms, Heil bronn, Landau. and Zweibrucken. It included the Electoral Palatinate (with Heidelberg, and for a time Mannheim, as its capital), the Princi pality of Simmer], the Duchy of Zweihrticken (Deux Pouts), the principalities of Veldenz and Lantern, etc. Within its herders were embraced also the episcopal sees of Worms and Speyer, the free cities of Worms and Speyer, the county of Leiningen, etc. The Counts Palatine of the Rhine (see PALATLN ATE) , whose original seat was Aix la-Cha pelle, appear in the eleventh century as holding a leading position among the hereditary German princes. In 1214 the Rhenish Palatinate was acquired by the House of Wittelsbaeh in the person of Louis 1., Duke of Bavaria, and there after for four hundred years its history is the usual story of partition and reunion, varied with occasional increase of territory through pur chase. Early in the fourteenth century a part of Bavaria between the Danube and the Fichtel gebirge was made over by the Emperor Louis the Bavarian to his kinsmen ruling ill the Rhenish Palatinate; this was the origin of the Upper Palatinate. In 1356 the Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV. designated the Count Palatine of the Rhine as one of the seven Impe rial Electors. Rupert I. of the Palatinate founded the University of Heidelberg in 1356. Rupert III. occupied the Imperial throne of Germany from 1400 to 1410. The Reformation made rapid prog ress in the Palatinate, and, influenced by the teachings of Melanehthon, the Elector Frederick IL (1544-50) embraced the reformed faith. Under Frederick III. (1559-70) , who inaugurated the line in the Electoral Palatinate, Calvinism was made the established religion, and the Heidelberg Catechism was drawn up (1563). Frederick Ill. also aided the French Huguenots and extended his protection to Protestant refu gees from France. Frederick IV. (1553-1610) became head of the Evangelical Union formed in 1608 by the Protestant States for the protection of their interests. Ilis son, Frederick V. (1610 32), the son of James 1. of England, was elected King in 1619 by the Bohemian Protestants. whose revolt against the House of Hapsburg had in augurated the struggle which was to he the Thirty Years' War. Frederick was defeated at the battle of the White Hill in 1620 and was deprived of his lands. The electoral dignity was
('onferred on Slaximilian I., Duke of Bavaria, in 1623, and in 1628 this prince was formally in vested with the Upper Palatinate. By the Treaty of Westphalia the son of Frederick V. was re stored in the Lower Palatinate, and an eighth seat in the Electoral College was created for him, the Upper Palatinate remaining in the possession of Bavaria. During the wars of Louis XIV. the Palatinate, one of the richest and most fertile lands in Germany, Wis mercilessly devastated by the French armies in 1674 and in 1659. In 1685 the Simmern line died out and was succeeded by the collateral 11111. of Neuburg, whose mem bers were of the Catholic faith. This led to tire emigration, in 1709-10, of a large number of Protestant inhabitants (estimated at 13,000) to England. Thence a large body erossed over to Ireland, while others came to North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In 1710 between 3000 and 4000 'Palatines,' as they were called, settled in Columbia and Ulster counties, N. V., whence many remove.] to Montgomery and I lerkimer counties and to Pennsylvania. In 1742 the line of Newburg in the Electoral Palatinate was succeeded by that of Sulzhavh. In 1777 Bavaria was united with the Palatinate. the Treaty of (1501), the portion of the Palatinate lying on the left side of the Rhine was ceded to Prance, while the territories on the right bank were partitioned among Baden, Hesse 1/arinstadt, Leiningen. and Nassau. Thp part beyond the Rhine was given up by France in 1511-15 and was diNided among Bavaria, Besse Darmstadt, and Prussia. The Rhenish Palati nate (Bavaria) was the scene of 0 revolutionary uprising in 1849, which was suppressed by Prus sian arms. The Bavarian Government districts of the Palatinate ( Rhenish Pa la t ina te t and Upper Palatinate (Upper Palatinate and Regens burg) have an area respectively of 2259 and 372!1 square miles. The population of the former in 1900 was 831,533 and of the latter 5.53,857. The surface of the Palatinate (which is bounded on the east by the Rhine) is diversified with smiling plains, swelling hills, and wooded moun tains. The portion is traversed by the low range of the Hardt. The region yields boun tiful crops of cereals, potatoes. tobacco, hemp, flax, etc., and is noted for its wine. The capital is Speyer. The Upper Palatinate is traversed by the offshoots of the the Bohemian Forest, and the Bavarian Forest, and is bordered on the west by the Franconian .Jura. The Dan ube flows along the southern border. The capi tal is Ilegensburg. Consult: lliiusser, (lrseMch le der rltrinischen PRI!: (Heidelberg. 1815); (frschichte der Ppd.: (1Ieidelberg, 1874).