UNION) veterans who served between April 12. 1861. and April 30. 1865. and who par tivipated in one or more engagements or battles, and received an honorary discharge. Of broader scope than the foregoing is the Regular Army and Navy Union of the United States of America (ry.). in which any honorably discharged sol dier. sailor. or marine, without regard to time or length of his service, is eligible for member ship. (If worthy recognition in this connection is the Medal of Honor Legion (q.v.), which is composed of officers and enlisted men who have received the medal of honor (q.v.1 for distin gmislied conduct in action. The United States Veteran Navy (q.v.) admits to membership any officer or enlisted man in the naval service dur ing the period of the Civil War or during the Spanish-American War. There is also the Na tional Association of Naval Veterans., to which any officer or enlisted man who served in the navy or marine corps during the period of the Civil War is eligible. (see NAVAL VETERANS, NATIONAL. ASSOCIATION OF.) Mention should he made of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, Society of the Army of the Poto mac, and Society of the Army of Tennessee. as well as the Eleventh Army Corp; Association, whose character is evident from their names. They now admit to membership descendants of original members, thus becoming hereditary societies.
The history of the Confederate States of America is preserved by three organizations, the oldest of which is the United Confederate Veter ans. which admits to membership any soldier or sailor who served in the Confederate service during the It ivil War. (See CONFEDERATE. VET ERANS. UNITED.) The United Sons of Con federate Veterans admits to membership any male descendant over sixteen years old of a sol dier or sailor who served in the Confederate Army or Navy. (See ('1NFEDERATE VETERANS, UNITED SONs 0F.) The United Daughter: of the Confederacy admits to membership thy widows, wives. mothers. sisters, and lineal descendants of those who served in the army or navy of the Confederate States, See CONFEDERACY, UNITED DAUGHTERS OF TIME.
The long period between the Civil War and the war with Spain saw the organization of two patriotic societies. the Order of the Indian Wars of the United States, founded at Chicago in 1S96. and the Society of Veterans of Indian Wars of the United States, established at in the same year. The War with Spain (1S9S) was prolific in the formation of war societies. Corresponding to the Loyal Legion is the Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, \Odell admits to membership officers who were on the active list in the United States army. navy, marine corps, or revenue marine, during the War with Spain. or the subsequent insurrection in the Philippines. (See SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, NAVAL ANL) :MILITARY ORDER or.) The most important organization of this period, however, is the Spanish War Veterans (q.v.), which admits to membership soldier= and sailors of the volunteer army and marine corps who served honorably during the war. Of ;hill kir nature is the Society of Spanish-American War Veterans. which was organized in Trenton,
N. J., on December 14, 1899.. Arrangements were concluded in 1903 for the consolidation of this organization with the Spanish War Vet erans. The Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba admits to membership all officers and soldiers of the United States Army who served with the expeditionary force to Santiago de Cuba. (See SANTIAGO DE CUBA, SOCIETY OF TILE ARMY OF.) The occupation of Porto Rico gave rise to the Military and Naval Society of the Porto Rican Expedition. (See PORTO RICAN EX PEDITION, :MILITARY AND _NAVAL SOCIETY OF.) The members of the first regiment of United States Volunteer Cavalry that served in Cuba, before disbanding, organized the Rough Riders' Association. The Spanish-American War in the West Indies was also produetive of the Society of the Caribbean, which was founded by American war correspondents who participated in the naval and military campaigns in Cuba and Porto Rico. Service in the Philippines led to the organization of the National Society of the Army of the Philippines. Membership is extended to soldiers and sailors who served dur ing the war in the Philippine Islands. The :Mili tary Order of the Carabao was formed in the Philippines by officers who served in those isl ands during the fighting period, and any officer is eligible to membership who was there prior to July 4, 1902. Participants in the Chinese expedition for the relief of Peking, on their re turn to Manila, organized the Military Order of the Dragon.
Mention must be made of such organizations as the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. which has for its special purpose the preservation of the hone of Washington. Of similar nature is the Ladies' Hermitage Association, which cares for the home of Andrew Jackson, near Nashville, Tennessee. and the Betsy Ross :Memorial Asso ciation, which has saved the house in Philadel phia where the first American flag was made. The Landmarks Club in Los Angeles is doing a splendid work in the restoration and preserva tion of the old missions which were left to Ali by the Spanish occupants of Alta California and the beautiful missions near San Antonio are eared for by an organization of women in Texas, In Colorado the cliff dwellings of the Mancos Cafion have been leased by the Colorado Cliff Dwellers' Association. and efforts have been made by that body to secure the permanent preservation of these ancient ruins by Congress. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, which has for its object the building of a suit able memorial to the author of the Declaration of Independence, is one of the latest of these organizations. Two national bodies have been formed for such work. Of these the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society i, the older. (See SCENIC AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION SOCIETY, AMERICAN.) The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was formed in Washington City, in 1902. Its members were influential in the movement in 1903 that prevented the demolition of the an cient walls of Manila.