For the efforts made by the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church to counteract the dissi dent movement, gee COUNTERREFORMATION; TRENT, COUNCIL OF.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Among the best original Bibliography. Among the best original sources for the Reformation are the works and correspondence of the noted men of the period. For certain aspects, however, the Papal archives furnish the most desirable material. For this the various collections of documents should be consulted, notable among which are: Tomaset tus, Bullarum, Diplomat um et Privilcgioru b Sanetorum Romunorum pontificum, vols. iv., v. (Tours, ; Chevalier, Repertoire des source's historiques du moyen.dgc (Paris, 1877 53) ; Colleen° Bullarum, vol. ii. (Rome, 1750). The decrees of the council are to be found in Lai,h6, Saerosaneta Concilia (Venice, while all the facts and documents relative to the Council of Constance have been separately col lected and are to be found in the monumental work of Hardt, Magazin: CEcumenicum Con: stantiense Cotzeilium (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1697-1700). Among secondary works, which treat specifically of the Reformation and the conditions which produced it, three works are specially important: Ranke, Deutsche Ge sehichtc int Zcitaltcr der Reformation (Berlin, 1847) represents the old, conservative view, now generally known as the Protestant presen tation; Janssen, Geschichte des deutsehen Tolkes scit dein kusgange des Mittelaltcrs (Freiburg, 1877-94; Eng. trans., London, 1896-1903), and Pastor, Gesehiehle der Piipste (2d ed. Freiburg, 1591-95; Eng. trans., London, 1896-98) present
ably and scientifically the views of the recent Catholic school of historians. Probably the best work in English which covers this period is Creighton, History of the Papacy the Reformation. (London and Boston, Other works of value are Bezold, Zvr Gesehichte des Hnsitentums (Munich, 1874) ; Gebhardt, Die Gravamina dcr deutschen Nation gegen den romischen Hof (Breslau, 1884) ; Gregt,orovius, Gcschichte der Stadt Rain (3d ed., Berlin, 80) ; Hefele, Coneilicnyeschichtc (Freiburg, ; Lorenz, Papstivahl and Kaiserthum (Berlin, 1874) ; Lindner, Gesehiehtc des deulschen Reiches (Brunswick, ; Palacky, Ge sc•hichtc von. Biihmen (Prague, ; Reuseh, Der Index der verbotenen Bucher (Bonn, 1883 85) ; Rossman, 13etr•achtungcn iibcr dos Zcitalter der• Reformation (Jena, 1858) ; Ullmann, Refor matoren ror der Reformation (Hamburg, 1841 -1'L) Gasquet, The Eve of the Reformation (London, 1900). The various general Church histories. especially those of Baur, Gieseler, Hardwick, Base, Kurtz, Bergenr6ther, Darras, Alzog, and Riffel are also valuable. Seebohm, The Protestant Revolution (London, 1887) ; Hausser, Period of the Reformation, trans. from the German (ib., 1873) ; and Fischer, History of the Reformation (New York, 1890). are small works, valuable for a general aspect of the Ref ormation. The Reformation in the great insti tutions of learning may be best studied in Deni tie, Die Universitiiten des Mittelalters (Berlin, 1895). Consult also the principal works men tioned under RENaissANcE.