Two species associated with the Georgia pine in its lower limits are the Cuban pine (Finns licierophylla), very similar to the Georgia pine in size and manner of growth, but considered somewhat less valuable. and the loblolly or old field pine (Finns nedv). The loblolly pine springs up in abandoned fields. soon affording a supply of timber and wood for fuel. the quality of which varies widely with the conditions under Wilkb it is grown, approaching the long-leaved pine in quality when grown in the forest, but considered inferior when grown in open fields. Another valuable species of the Southern and Eastern States is the short-Ica ved pine (Pinus cchincthi, or /'inns ?ilia,. as it is fre quently vaned). a tree which attains a height of 75 to 120 feet with a diameter of about 2 feet. and which ranges from New Jersey and Penn sylvania through sonthern Illinois to Arkansas and eastern Texas. in some places occurring in almost pure forests. The wood is heavy. hard. coarse-grained. lint strong. and is largely used for the framework of weather-1 oard ing. railway ties, car and other building. It is less resinous than the long-leaved pine. lint in importance ranks next to that species in the South. The jack pine or scrub pine of the Northern Stales is Pirlas diraricata or P;11118 MinkMarla. It abounds f • Ne Brunsw id: to the Alaekeitzie 1:kur and snntlew.,1:1 bout the Great Lakes, furnishing the r 1e, the e. sive pine barrel s of tl11t especially in ,\Iielligan. It is of little pt for fuel. Next to the white pine mr laps the most valu able species ill the North is the red or Norway pine (l'inus 441 jell found from the I:nil of saint Lawrence to \lanitobil and south to .NljnlIrsota and Pe-in yllania. It ()emirs as trees inn to Ion feet tall and 2 feet in diameter, ling I forest. 11114111 dry sandy soils. The wood is light. hard, elastic, resinous, and durable except when in contact with the ground. Its uses are similar to those of the short-leaved pine farther south. Northern pitch pine ri9ido), which °vents through out the northeastern portion of the United States and adjacent Canada, is e,1 ilt value except for fuel and charcoal, but, although rich ill resin, it is little used. the Georgia piste having control of the market.
Among the important species of the Pacifie region may be mentioned the sugar pine 1 l'inus rtiarm) and the bull pine I r i 11 LIS 1,011(1r rum( I. The (Griller I, 011e of the of the geniis, the atLainiWg a height of 150 to 300 feet and than 10 feet in diameter. It occurs through Oregon and California. The tree trunks are straight and without branches for a considerable portion (f their height.. The timber is of exeellent quality, solid. straight-grained, does not warp, and is easily worked, so that it is in demand for finishing lumber and (IMMO. work. The tree exudes a resin ‘vhich when burned has a sugar-like flavor, lame° the name. The seeds of this and many other species of \Vestern pines are eaten in vonsiderable quantities as nuts. The bull pine, whiell has several well-marl:ed va rieties of diverse Wilily, is found from t110 Rocky Ilmentains to the l'aeifie Coast, where it attains a height of IOU to 150 feet and a diameter of 5 to (4 feet; oceasional trees are found 250 feet high and 10 feet in diameter, hut it is rather smaller in the Rocl:y 5101111 ;lin region.
In the Pacific Coast region the timber is heavy, hard, strong, and fine-grained; farther inland it is coarser-grained, harder, and more brittle. In the southwestern part of the United StateS are four species known as Pifion pines (('ii, US par ryana, cembroidex, Pines in M11101dt yi hi, find Pill lis ethilis). The various species 10111111 frolll Colorado and Utah to Texas and California are chiefly known for their large edible seeds Nulled pifions. These are eaten as inns (q.v.). The trees are for the most part small and of little value except. for their seeds and for fuel. Among the species of pines the most valuable and interesting are Pint's .1 yarillmitr anti !'inns Jlonte:totta., trees of considerable size. the former somewhat resembling the white pine of the United States.
In Europe the most valuable as wed] as tile most. widely distributed species are l'inus gylres irix, l'inus id! riC10, and i'inns hafrpensis.
The Seoteli pine or Scotch fir (Pinus Al/fres h-is) 00ellrS in immense forests sometimes mixed with spruce fir in some Ellropean and is the only species indigenous to ("real Britain. It attains a height of SO to 100 feet and a diameter of from 2 to 4 feet, and is frequently -.e'en with very large branches resembling trunks. It is of quirk growth and has been known to at tain the age of AM years. Its very resinous and durable timber, known as red deal and red pine, is highly valued, being used in house and ship carpentry. 'there is great difference, however, ill the limber grown ill different soils and situa tions. inferior white, soft, and comparatively worthless grades being Iiroduced in rich soils and sheltered situations. Several varieties yield very superior timber. The Scotch pine is valuable also on aee0tillt of its turpentine. tar, pitch, and resin. Oil of turpentine is sometimes dis tilled from the cones and the leaves, which last have also been used in Iferniany for the mann factIlre of a tow-like trod. wolle ( forest wool), suitable for stalling cushions, etc.
The black or Corsican pine or black: fir Laririo), a native of Austria, but found through out Southern Europe. is another species closely allied to the Seoteh ldne. It is remarkable. for its very long leaves and its content of resin, whirls js more abundant than in any' other European tie. It often attains a height of I10 feet upon sandy soils, and has been employed to prevent sand drifting. Its timber is of little value. but at great part of the turpentine of the maritime districts of France is obtained from it. It yields also part of the Burgundy pitch in the market. The Aleppo pine hal) ',crisis), a native of the south of Europe, Syria, etc., is a vcry graceful tree of moderate size, with slender leaves in It yields a liquid resin or turpentine, willeda is extracted from it in Provenec and elsewhere, and sold as Venice turpentine. The wood is exten sively used in the 1.evant for ship-building. The pituister or (duster pine (Pinnn Pinastrr) is an other important European species. It is found on the shores of the Slediterranean. and also in the and in China. Like the black lie, it has been largely used in Franee for covering waste sandy tracts. The timber is, of inferior quality. but it yields large quantities of resin and Bordeaux turpentine.