In the nineteenth century a truly scientifie method began to be applied to the study of polit ical facts. SaViglIV, Maine, Tiering. Polloek, Maitland. and Judge Holmes have applied the historic method to institutional and legal facts. The earefnl observation and analysis of contem porary institutions has led to fruitful results in the works of De Tocoueville. Bagehot.
Woodrow Wilson. .1. I.. Lowell. and Dstro ? Writers like Jellinek and Burgess. n bile juristic in their method, give careful attention to existing State form-. CorneN%all Lewis combines the scientific method of observatbm with a highly philosophical spirit. There has lately arisen a school of political scientists who apply to their writings the term sociological. They hold that the true study of polities should rest, not upon the legal anal?:is of institutions, but upon an investigation of the long', of society which are striving to express themselves through political action. Tiny emphasize particularly the exist ence of groups within the State which represent common interests and are animated by common motives, and they conceive of State life as made up of the struggle and competition between these social groups. The principal representatives of this theory are the Austrians Gumplowiez and Ratzenhofer.
The hidnetive method, based upon observation and the study of recorded facts, is, however, not the only one employed by prominent writers on polities during the nineteenth century. lieges purely philosophical construction of the State Gads an echo in the writings of T. 11. Green and of Bosanquet. The deductive method is used by Sidgwick, Lieber, Mill, and the Liberal School in general. The juristic method of analyzing existing institutions is still almost universally in the ascendent in books dealing with juris prudence and constitutional law. The works of
American constitutional jurists are primarily analytical, and although they devote considerable attention to the history of the formation of the Coast itution. this is done in order more fully to explain that instrument, which is then analyzed and examined in all its bearings upon modern government. English jurists like Ifolland, Anson. and Dicey. following Austin. also still employ this method with preference. although the his toric study of law has made great progress in England.
litaL1cRAP111% Seeley, Introduction to Politi cal Science (London. 1896) : Bluntsehli, The Theory of the ,State (Oxford, 1892) ; Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence ( 1002) ; Wilson, .1a Old Master, Essay II. (New York. 1893) ; Lewis, Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Polities (London. 1852) Willough by, The Nature of the State (New York, 1896) ; Bosanquet, The Philosophical Theory of the State (London, 1899); MeKechnie, The State and the Indiridual (Glasgow, 1896) ; Pollock, History of the :grimier, of Politics (London, 1893) ; id., Essays in. Jurisprudence and Ethics, Essays 1., II_ and VIII. (ib.. 1882) ; floodnow, Polities and Administration (New York, 1900) ; Sidgwiek, Elements of Polities (London, 1896) ; Funek-Brentano, La politique (Paris, 1892) ; Ratzenbofer, ll'esen and '/.week der Politik (Leipzig. 1893) : .Jellinek. Das Rccht des mo drown Striates (Berlin. 1900) ; Oumplowiez. .41/ genic/nes Staatsrecht (Innsbruck. 1S971: .la net, ffistoirc de la science pont lour, dans ses rapports arce la morale, Introduction ( Paris, ISs7). See also GOVERNMENT; CIVIL ADMINISTRATION; PUB LIC LAW; DIPLOMACY; SOCIOLOGY; STATE; CON STITUTIONAL LAW; INTERNATIONAL LAW.