ETHNOLOGY. The perspective of Spanish eth nology extends back to the Chellean Epoch, im plements of that type having been dug up in the ancient alluvium at San Isidro and other sta tions near Madrid. Solutrean implements were found in the grotto of Altamira, Province of Santander. In the same grotto Magdalenian im plements and characteristic objects in bore were discovered, and relics belonging to this epoch come from the Basque Provinces, from the basin of the Ebro, and from Catalonia. In historic times all the great divisions of the Caucasian race have mingled their blood in Spain in greater or less proportion—Ilamite, Semite. Teuton, Celt. and Mediterranean. The fundamental type bears the name of Celtiberiau, and is a result of a mix ture of the earliest long-headed )dediterraneans and the later-coming brachyeephalic Celts produc ing a cranial index of 76-79. Keane and Ripley call attention to the uniformity of this index in Spain and in Britain, associated with tall stature and blondness in the latter, with dark color and low stature in the former. Spain has been invaded in historic times by Phienicians. Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, Vandals, Arabs, and Moors. It is generally believed that these conquerors modified the original type but little, simply be cauie many of them were already short of stature, dark in skin, hair, and eyes, as well as dol ich ocepha lie.
IlisTOuv. Spain, the Iberia of the Greeks, and the Hispania (q.v.) of the Romans, is supposed to have been originally inhabited by a distinct race called Iberians, upon whom, however, a host of Celts appear to have descended from the Pyrenees. In the earliest times of which we have any record, these two races had already coalesced and formed the mixed nation of the Celtiberians, who were massed chiefly in the centre of the pen insula, in the western districts, and on the north coasts. In the Pyrenees and along the east coast were to be found pure Iberian tribes, while un mixed Celtic tribes occupied the northwest. On the south and east coasts were Pluenician, Car thaginian, Rhodian, and other colonies. In the second half of the third century B.C. a large territory was brought under subjection to Carthage by Hamilcar Mimi (q.v.), who, accord ing to Roman tradition, founded the city of Barcelona. After the death of Ilamilcar, in B.C. 228, the Carthaginian interest was advanced, and the power of Carthage further strengthened by Hasdrubal (died n.c. 220), son-in-law of Hamil car, who founded Carthago Nova (the modern Cartagena ) and concluded a treaty with the Romans whereby it was stipulated that he should not advance his standards north of the Iberus (Ebro). Hannibal (q.v.), son of Hamilcar, after
the death of Hasdrubal attacked and destroyed Saguntmn (q.v.). in n.c. 219, and thus initiated the Second Punic War. (See CARTHAGE ; HANNIBAL ) After the Romans had driven the Carthaginians from the peninsula, in B.C. 206, the country was made into two Roman provinces (n.c. 197), Hispania including the east ern and northern districts, and Hispania Ulterior, including the southern and western districts. The conquest of the native tribes proved an arduous task for the Romans. (See LusrrANIA; NUMAN TIA.) It was not till n.c. 19 that the Cantabri and Astures in the extreme north of the country laid down their arms to Augustus. Under Augustus the peninsula was divided into the three provinces of Hispania Tarraconensis, Bietiea, and Lusitania. (See HISPANIA.) From the time of the establishment of the complete supremacy of the Romans till the death of Con stantine the condition of Spain was eminently prosperous. Its fertile fields formed for a con siderable time the granary of Rome, and from its metal-veined sierras an immense amount of treasure in gold and silver flowed into the Roman coffers.
hi A.D. 409 hordes of barbarians, Alans, Van dals, and Suevi crossed the Pyrenees and swept over and desolated the peninsula. About 414 the Visigoths invaded the country, and their King, Athaulf, who aeknowledged a nominal depend ence on the Roman Emperor, established the Gothic monarehy in Catalonia. (See Gowns.) The best known of the kings were Wallin. (415 419), who greatly extended the Gothic monarchy, making himself master of a great part of Aqui tania (where a century later the Visigoths were overcome by Clovis) ; Euric (465-485). who, be sides increasing his territory, introduced and enforced a body of laws, and did much for the advancement of civilization in Spain; Leovigild (56:1-586), who effected the subjugation of the Suevi; Wamba (672-680), who built a fleet for the protection of the coasts; and Roderic (q.v.), who was killed at Jerez de la, Frontera in 711, in battle with the Arabs(Saracens). The battle of Jerez gave the Arabs almost undisputed mastery of ncarlY the whole of Spain, as well as of Septi mania (Languedoc) in France. The remnant of the Goths betook themselves to the highlands of Asturias, Burgos, and Biscay, where they main tained their independence.