SYNTAX, FIGURES OF. Intentional deviations from the ordinary construction of words. The principal figures of syntax are as follows: Ana phora is the repetition of the same word o• gram matical form at the beginning of several succes sive clauses, as 'without tumult, without arms, without harm or injury the insurrection was quelled.' Anastrophe consists of a transposition of words, as rolled the thunder for the thunder rolled, or 'he travels earth around.' Asyndeton is the ellipsis of a conjunction or connecting par ticle, as real. rich, rice, 'I came. I saw, I con quered.' Brachylogy is the use of a concise or pregnant mode of expression, as 'the eye of a horse is bigger than an elephant.' i.e. than (the eye of) an elephant. Chiasmus is a cross-wise arrangement of words, where the words of a second and corresponding set are stated in in verse order to those of the first set, as 'Begot by butchers, hut by bishops bred.' Ellipsis is the omission of a word o• words necessary for the construction of the sentence, but not essential to its meaning. By means of ellipsis conciseness and impressiveness are gained, and accordingly it prevails in proverbs, as "..\lore haste. less speed,' or Ex perle flerectlem. Asyndeton is a special form of ellipsis. EnaIlage is the substitution of one part of speech. or of one inflectional form of a word, for another, as 'they fall successive and successirc rise.' Epanastrophe is the repetition of the end of a clause at the beginning of the next, as 'The mouse ran up the clock, the cloth struck one.' Epiphora is the repetition of a word or words at the end of successive clauses and hence is the reverse of anaphora. as Laqius nurus crat, doet us erat. Epizenxis is the emphatic repetition of a word, as ":1 lour. alone, all, all alone, .1 lone on a wide, wide sea." Hendiadys or hendiadyoin is the use of two co ordinate words or phrases instead of an expres sion in which one qualifies the other gram matically, or, in other words, it is the presenta tion of one idea by means of two eoflrdinate words or phrases, as a 'couch strewn with purple and tapestry,' i.e. with purple tapestry, or arms
ririsquc, 'with arms and men' (i.e. armed men). Hypallage is the use of one ease for another, the transference of an epithet from its proper sub ject to another, as tuba' clangor. 'the Tyrrhenian clang of the trumpet,' for Tyrrhenw tuba' clangor, `the clang of the Tyrrhenian trum pet.' Ilyperbaton is the transposition of words o• clauses. An example of hyperbaton of clauses is ralet atque ririt, 'he is well and alive,' for virit atque rale!, 'he is alive and well.' Pleo nasm is the use of superfluous words, sometimes, however, arising from a desire to secure strength, as in the excessive use of the negative in conver sation, especially by uneducated persons or by children. Polysyndeton is pleonasm in the use of conjunctions and is the reverse of asynde ton. Prolepsis consists in introducing a word in advance of its proper place. as `I know thee, who thou art.' Prolepsis also denotes the use of an epithet before it is logically applicable, as Scuta latentia. condom, 'they conceal their hid ing (or hidden) shields.' Syllepsis is the agree ment of an adjective o• verb with only one of two or more subjects with which it is linked, as rex et regina hcati. Synesis is a construction of words according to the sense conveyed by theme rather than by the strict requirements of gram matical rules, as 'Philip went down to Samaria and preached Christ unto them.' Tmesis is the separation of the parts of a word. as in Ennius's fatuous line, sax() errs bruin, or, in `the love of Cod to us ward.' Zeugma is the use of a word in two o• more connections, though. strictly speaking, it is applicable to only one of them.