HISTORY. THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN. The Sudan has been apportioned by the events of the last few years into British and French spheres of influence. The Egyptian Sudan, now under British control, is practically coincident with the ancient Nubia (q.v.). It embraces the mod ern Egyptian mudirias, or provinces. of Khar tum, Dongola, Berber, Kassala, Sennar, and Kordofan; and the muhafzas, or administrative districts, of Wadi Haifa, Suakim, and Fashoda. (See EGYPTIAN SUDAN.) The Eastern Sudan was brought under Egyptian control by Mehemet Ali (q.v.) in 1820-22 and so remained until in 1870 Ismail Pasha found it necessary to ask for assistance in restor ing the waning authority of the Khedival govern ment in the interior. The Englishman Sir Samuel Baker was made Governor-General of the Su danese provinces and began their reduction and the suppression of the slave trade. He estab lished his capital at Gondokoro, which he re named Ismailia. Supposing that his work was accomplished. Baker returned to England. After his departure the slave trade was immediately revived and the administration of the provinces was intrusted to Charles George Gordon (q.v.), who with an able staff began the organization and development of this rich but little known re gion. Gordon continued his work in the face of all manner of discouragements and difficulties until his recall in 1S79 upon the deposition of Ismail. and. though Gordon's organization was continued under his successor, Rauf Pasha, there was a gradual reversion to earlier tions. In 1882 the Sudanese tribesmen, for a long time restless under the greed and ment of the Egyptian officials, took advantage of the difficulties in Lower Egypt and revolted. This, like the rising under Arabi Pasha (q.v.), with which it coincided in point of time, was pfimarily a revolt against foreign influence, but, unlike the latter, which was a political ment, it had its immediate origin in religious fanaticism. The incitement came from one of the alleged messiahs, known as mandis (see MAnnt), who have been so common in medan countries. This Mohammed Ahmed, had some political genius and united the tribes in great numbers under his banner. For fifteen years he and his successor held the country der a religious and military tyranny. England had become so deeply involved in Egyptian fairs that she was compelled to take part in this struggle for the control of the Upper Nile try. A force of 11,000 English and Egyptian troops was dispatched to the Sudan under Hicks Pasha. This force was annihilated in a battle with the tribesmen at (November 1883). England then determined to abandon the Sudan, but several posts were held by British garrisons and it was necessary to withdraw these troops. For this difficult task and for the tlement of the troubled affairs of the country, Gordon, because of his former success and his knowledge of the tribesmen, was given a new commission as and on ary 18, 1884, he arrived at Khartum. In the meanwhile Osman Digna (q.v.) was making his power felt in the vicinity of Suakim, which came the scene of bloody fighting, Osman Digna being finally defeated 1884). Gordon was surrounded at Khartum by the forces and cut off from all of his munieations. After many delays, in part due to the fatal hesitation of the Gladstone ment, a relief force was sent out under Lord Wolseley, which after severe fighting arrived at Khartum, January 28, 1885. Two days before the city had been captured and Gordon killed. The English then retired and until 1894 gave up the attempt to reconquer the revolted provinces; but the growing British interest in East and Central Africa made it inevitable that land should seek to control a position of so great strategic importance. Upon the death
of the Mandi in 18S5 his power passed to his chief lieutenant, the Khalifah Abdallah. In the interval of peace the Egyptian Army was ganized and brought to an admirable state of discipline under its English officers, and in under the Sirdar, Sir Herbert Kitchener (q.v.), the struggle for the possession of the Sudan was resumed. This movement was stimulated by the threatened movement of Osman Digna (q.v.), the ablest Dervish leader, upon the Italian post at Kassala, where a victory might throw the Dervishes again upon the Egyptian frontier. After and patient preparation the advance up the Nile was made and Dongola was captured, September 23, 1896. Pushing forward his railway across the desert at the rate of about two miles a day. General Kitchener advanced steadily, always maintaining communication with his base on the Nile. The Kimlifah was gradually hemmed in and on September 2, 1898, at Omdurman, opposite Khartum, he was leated, his army annihilated, and his power pletely broken. Ile himself was killed near Gedid in November, 1899, The French had sent out a tentative expedition under Major Marchand (q.v.) to Fashoda, with :I view to entering a wedge of French influence in the Eastern Sudan, but the French were selves threatened by the tribesmen and were rescued by General Kitchener a few days after the victory at Omdurman. The aggressive attitude of England forced France to enter a diplomatic disclaimer. This led to the recognition by France in the supplementary treaty of 1899 of the lish sphere of influence in the Sudan from Darfur and the eastward. By the Egyptian convention signed January 19, 1899, the government of the Sudanese provinces was to be intrusted to a appointed by the Egyptian Government with the approval of the British Government, the slave trade was hibited, as well as the importation of arms and ammunition, and the British and Egyptian tlags were to be used conjointly. The first General was General Kitchener. When he was called to South Africa, Col. Sir Reginald Wingate, his successor as Sirdar of the Egyptian Army, succeeded to the post.
FaExcll SUDAN. French exploration of the dan began in 1800, when Maze and Quintin penetrated east of Senegal as far as Segu Sikoro, which was again visited by Soleillet in 1878. The next year Bafoulabe was founded and a way survey hegun. The conquest of the country was begun in 1850 and pushed for fifteen years. Forts were erected, telegraph lines constructed, and aeknowledgments of the French rate were gradually obtained from the native rulers. In 1894 Timbuktu was taken. On gust 5. 1890, an agreement laid down the southern line of the French Sudan from Say on the Niger to Banana on Lake Chad. A further convention delimiting the French ritory on the side of British Nigeria was framed June 14, 1898.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Manion, Geography of Egypt Bibliography. Manion, Geography of Egypt and the ?Irian (London. 1902) : Alfors and Sword, The Egyptian Sudan, Its Loss and Recovery (lb., 189S) Burleigh. Sirdar and. Khulifa id., The 1898 I ib., 1899) ; Churchill. The Hirer War (i1)., 1898) ; Steevens, With Kitchener to Khartum (Edinburgh, 1S98) ; Wingate, Maluliism and the Sudan, (London, 1891) ; Schweinfurtb. The Heart of Africa (New York, 1874) : Bois, Senegal and Soudan (Paris, 18S6) ; Gaffarel, Le Si'nFgal et le Soudan francais (ib., 1890) ; Junker, Trarcls in Africa During translated by Keane ; Parke, 1/)/ Personal Experi ences in Equatorial Africa (New York. B391) ; Gessi, Siren Years in the Saurian (London, 1892) ; Stanley, In Darkest Africa (ib.. 1893) ; Robinson, Hausaland: or Fifteen Hundred Miles Through the Central Soudan (ib., 18961.