HISTORY. Under P.oman control the territory of Styria formed a portion of both Pannonia and Noricum, and was even then famous for its iron and steel. During the period of the great mi gration of nations the various invaders of the Italian peninsula swept through or settled in this district and at the close its population was essentially Slavic. It was a portion of the em pire of Charles the Great, and was later included in the Carinthian mark erected against the Hun garians. Soon after the middle of the eleventh century the Margrave Ottokar styled himself Margrave of Steier, whence the Caine to be known as Steiermark (Styria). In1192 the region that is now the Duchy of Styria became a por tion of the possessions of the dukes of Austria, and after belonging for a time to Ottokar II. of Bohemia, passed in 1276 into the possession of the Hapsburgs. The Reformation was welcomed by the people, but the intolerance of the Austrian rulers drove many of the inhabitants into exile.
BlutiounApnv. Die Oesterreiehiseh-ungarisehe Monarchic in Wort and Bild, vol. vii. (Vienna, 1890) ; Gsell-Fels, Die Steiermark (i1J., 1898) ; Imendorfer, Landeskande roll Steiermark (ib., 1903) ; Rosegger, Das Volksleben, in Steiermark. (Gratz. 189.1) Zahn, Styriaca (ih_ 1894; new series, 1896) ; Mayer, Gcschichte dcr Steiermark (ift, 1898 ) .
STYX (Lat., from Gk. from arnyeiv, stygcin, to hate, loathe). In Greek legend, one
of the rivers of the lower world. Probably orig inally the only stream which separated the re gion of the dead from the living. It was said that one-tenth of Oceanus streamed down to form the Styx, while the other nine-tenths sur rounded the earth. As the goddess of this stream, Styx was the eldest daughter of Oceanus, and by the Titan Pallas mother of Zelos, Nike, Cratos, and Bia (Emulation, Victory, Might, and Force), with whom she joined Zeus at the be ginning of the struggle with the Titans. For this she was made the guardian of the sacred oaths which bound the gods. She was described as living in the far west, in a house with silver pillars, the water streamed from above. Thence Iris brought the water by which the gods swore, and terrible suffering awaited the divinity who committed perjury. With the development of the conceptions of the lower world, the rivers received various names, and Charon was intro duced as the ferryman of souls across the Styx. The name was also given to a waterfall in northeastern Arcadia near Nonseris. The water descends over a. cliff some 600 feet high on the side of Mount Chelmos into a wild and rugged glen, and the surroundings suggested to the Greeks the gloomy entrance to the lower world.