III.; JAMES I., II., III., IV., V.; MARY STUART; JAMES I. (of England) ; CHARLES I. and II.; JAMES 11.; MARY 11.; and ANNE.) In the person of James 11. the line of Stuart was driven from the English and Scottish thrones. The claims of the house were upheld by James's son, the Old Pretender (see STUART, JAMES ED WARD), and by the latter's son, known as the Young Pretender. (See STUART, CHARLES ED WARD.) A brother of the latter was HENRY BENEDICT MARIA CLEMENT, Cardinal York, born 1725. After Culloden (1740) he went to Rome, took orders, and was advanced to the purple by Benedict XIV. in 1747. During his brother's life he was known as Cardinal York; but after his death lie assumed the regal style as Henry IX., King of England. The expulsion of Pius VI. from Rome, and other events follow ing upon the _French Revolution, drove him to Venice, aged and infirm and re duced to absolute poverty. George III. settled on him an annuity of £4000. He died in 1807 at the age of eighty-two, the last direct descend ant in the male line of the royal Stuarts.
The female line of the Stuarts is represent ed by the descendants of Henrietta. Maria, daughter of Charles I., who was mar ried to Philip, Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of France. This princess
had two daughters, of whdm the elder, Mary, wa.; Queen of Charles II. of Spain, and died childless; the younger. Anna Maria, married Victor Amadeus IL, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, and was mother of Charles Emmanuel III., King of Sardinia, and grandmother of Vic tor Amadeus III. of Sardinia. See SAVOY, HOUSE OF.
The branch of the family which the Act of Settlement called to the throne on the death of Queen Anne was descended from the Eleetress Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I. (V1.) by her mother, the Princess Elizabeth Stu art (q.v.), Eleetress Palatine and Queen of Bo hemia.
The cadets of the House of Stuart, descendants of Robeit II., are represented by some of the most noble titles in Scotch and English history. Consult: Stewart, Historical and Genealogical Account of the Royal Family of Scotland, and of the Surname of Stewart (Edinburgh, 1739) : Noble, Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stewart (London, 1795) : Thornton. The Stuart Dynasty (ib., 1S90) ; Gad) and Skelton, T116 Royal House of Stuart (ib., ]S90).