PUMPING WORKS for sewage do not necessarily differ much from those for water, except that they generally lift the sewage but a few feet, and should be of a type not readily damaged by foreign matter. Centrifugal pumps are often used to lift sewage, as being economical. with low lifts, and having no valves likely to get out of order. Other kinds of steam pumps are used; also air displacement pumps, known as Shone ejectors, and pumps driven by the sewage itself, known as sewage lifts. In the Liernur system of sewerage the sewage is drawn or sucked to a central station through iron pipes, from which the air is exhausted by proper pumping ma chinery. This system was introduced in Hol land about 1880, but gained comparatively little foothold in Continental Europe and none in England or America. One of the leading features of the Liernur system was keeping the excre ment largely free from water and manufacturing it into a fertilizer. The iron pipes and the construction and operation of the machinery re quired for the system entailed a large outlay for fixed and current expenses.
13mraoenArmY. Folwell, Sewerage (New:York, 1900), a readily comprehensible discussion of the design, construction, and maintenance of sewers; Ogden, Sewer Design (New York, 1899), discusses rainfall, population, and other factors of sewer design; Staley and Pierson, Separate System, of Sewerage (3d ed., New York, 1899) ; Goodell's translation and adaptation from the German of Baumeister's ('leaning and Sewerage of Cities (2c1 ed., New York, 1895), a condensed account of European and American practice; Waring, Sewerage and Land Drainage (3d ed., New York, 1891), largely but not wholly de voted to the author's methods and executed works along the lines of the strictly separate system of sewerage; :Moore, Sanitary Engineering (Lon don and New York, 1898), an extensive treatise, chiefly from the English standpoint, and devoted almost wholly to sewerage. See also list of works under SEWAGE DISPOSAL, which read in this connection.