With regard to the morphology of the Slavic languages following table the declension of a-stems will show- at a glance how well the original Slavic inflection has been preserved in the modern members of the family, remember ing that the vocative has been lost in Slovenian en tirely and in literary Russian almost completely.
Singular: Nominative: OChurch Slay. popli, `priest,' Russ., Pol.. Czech.. Serb, Slov., pop; genitive: papa for all : dative: popu for all; accusative: papa for all, or is like the nomina tive in inanimate nouns; vocative: OChnrch Slay. pope, Little Russ. pope, Russ. Boi'e (from Bog, `God'), Pol. popie, Czech.. Serb., pope; in strumental : OChurch Slay. popomi, Russ. popofn, Pol.. Czech. popem, Serb, Slov. popont : locative: ()Church Slay., Russ. pope, Pol. popic, Czech. pope, pop'', Serb, Slay. poit. Dual : Nomina tive, accusative, vocative: OChurch Slay., Slay., Serb, Lusatian, Kashubian papa; genitive, loca tive: ()Church Slay. pops, Russ. vo-oeiyu, `with one's two eyes,' Serb oeiju, vgijn, with one's two ears' (used as genitive plural) ; dative, instrumental: OChurch Slay. popoma, Little Russ. alma, Slov. popoma. Plural: Nomina tive, vocative: OChurch Slay. popi, Russ. popy, for the rest popi; genitive: ()Church Slay. popfi, Russ. popov, Pol. Czech. point v, Serb popa, Slov. popov; dative: ()Church Slay. popo»/5, Russ. popam, Pol. popcon, Czech. poplin). Serb popima, Slov. popon); accusative: ()Church Slay. pop, popy. Russ. popor, Pol. popdw. Czech. popy, Serb, Slov. pope; instrumental: OChurch Slay. popy, Russ., Pol. popami, Czech. popy, Serb popima, Slov. popi; locative: ()Church Slay. popJch , Russ., Pol. popach, Czech. popish, popeeh, Serb popiw, Slov. popih.
With the phonetic laws given above it is easy to see the correspondence of the Slavic with the Indo-Germanic inflections.
Singular: Nominative: vran-v, 'raven,' Skt. vrka-s. 'wolf,' Lat. lupus, Gk. X6K-os; ablative (coinciding with the genitive in Slavic) : vran-a, vrk-ät, lup-5(d); accusative: vran-a, vrk-am, lup-um, Xtit-o'; vocative: vran-e, AtIK-c; locative: vran-e, vrk-e, Corinth-oi (-0, 'at Corinth,' OrIC-0/, `at home.' Dual: Nominative, accusative, vocative: vrana-a, vrk-d (-au), du-o, MK-4). Plural: Nominative, vocative: lup-i. XtIK-ot; genitive: vran--ii, vrk-um - a no m). div-Cn, Xt5K-wv; locative: , x6K-0,0%.
In conjugation the Slavic verb is well exempli fied in the Old Church Slavic. (See OLD CHURCH SLAVIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) The fol lowing table will make clear the relations of the Slavic languages in this regard, both to each other and to Sanskrit and Greek: Slay. nieito,:c ne bysti, 'nothing happened;'
Russ. nikto ne znayet, 'uo one knows;' Bulg. tija pari ne sa ni na tebc, 'that money is not thine;' Serb n-itko ne smje, `no one hears;' Czech. nye:: gems ne odpowyedye, 'he answers him not;' Polish nic nic widzem, 'I see nothing.' Another feature is the use of the genitive instead of the accusative after transitive verbs with a nega tive: OChurch Slay. an data jesi 'thou didst not give a lamb:' Russ. nc inwyu knigi, 'I have no hook;' Serb glasa ne izdrignu, `he did not send forth his voice.' This is carried even to the subject of the negative auxiliary verb when equivalent to the English, 'there is' or `there are:' Serb n mere vise nema blaga, 'there is no greater good for me.' Another peculiarity is the complete substitution of the genitive for the accusative in nouns denoting animate beings in the singular and plural masculine, but only in the plural feminiue: OChurch Slay. ostarli.!;a korabli i otica srojcgo, `leaving the ship and their father;' Russ. vi.tu brata i ses tru, 'I see a brother and sister ;' but: vizu bra-tee i seater. 'I see brothers and sisters;' Serb imam majku i brata, 'I have a mother and brother.' The possessive pronoun of the third person has usurped the functions of the other two when referring to the subject, in Russian invariably, in Old Church Slavic usually: OChurch Slay. idi. vu damn sroji, 'go unto thine house;' ponwa glara sroja i lice iroje `anoint thy head and wash thy face;' Russ. Ya (ty) eirlclir smo g() brata. 'I saw (thou sawest) my (thy) brother.' In other respects the Slavic languages of the ancient period were obviously influenced by the syntax of their Greek originals, while at present the same is true to a certain extent re garding the influence of the modern languages.
In the syntax perhaps the most striking fea ture is the use of double negatives: ()Church Consult: 1?1iklosich, Verglcichende Grammatik der slawischen Sprachen (Vienna, 1852-75; vols.
i., iii., and iv. in 2d ed.. ib., 1879. 1870, 1883) ; id., Etymologischcs Worterbuch der slawischca Sprachen (ib.. 1886) ; Berneker, Slan•ischc Chrcs tomathic (Strassburg. 1902). extracts in all Slavic languages. with special vocabularies for each section; Jagic, ed., Archie fur slau•ischc Philologic (Berlin, 1876 et seq.). See also the special articles on the individual languages and literatures.