The card-sliver goes first to the drawing frame, Fig. 4, and four or six slivers. A. are combined by passing them through the drawing rolls as above roving frames are designated. The full bobbins, A, from the shibber are placed in the creel of the intermediate frame, as shown in Fig. 5. and two strands combined are delivered to the rolls and drawn. the new strand of roving is carried to the top of the flyer, on the spindle B, is passed through one arm of the flyer, which is hollow, and delivered to the bobbin, C, by the pressor-foot. The revolving of the flyer puts the twist into the strand of roving, while the difference in speed be tween the flyer and the surface of the bobbin winds the roving on the latter.
The fine frame is a similar frame to the above, and delivers the roving finer and more even than any of the preceding machines and ready for the spinning frame (Fig. 6). The roving may be doubled or run singly on the spinning frame, the rolls produce the drawing effect as on the pre ceding machines, and the revolution of bobbin and spindle puts in the twist. The bobbin A is fast on the spindle B, and draws the yarn through the traveler, a small wire loop attached to and movable on the spinning ring, which sur rounds each spindle. The spindles are made to revolve by an endless cotton band, which passes around the urhor/ of the spindle and is driven by the cylinder D. The production of the spinning frame is technically 'frame-spun yarn,' either warp or filling. This is wound on the bobbins by the moving up and down of the ring rail, which holds the spinning rings with the travelers, the pull or drag of t-he travelers winding the yarn on the bobbin.
ute-spun yarn is produced by spinning the roving on a mule (Fig. 7), the roving coining from the fine frames as for frame-spun yarns, but the drawing and twisting being accomplished in a different manner. On the spinning frame the roving is drawn, twisted, and wound con tinuously, while on the mule it is drawn out while the twist is being put in and is spun in termittently, and then wound on bobbins or cops intermittently. The roving is placed in a (Of I mid passed through the drawing rolls, as on the spin ning frame, and carried to the spindles. which, instead of being in a stationary rail. are mounted in a carriage, which runs away from and back to the rolls alternately, traveling about 5 feet each way. As fast as the rolls deliver the roving the carriage and spindles recede from the roll stand and the spindles revolving twist the yarn over the top of the spindles, where it is held by the fallers. In some cases the carriage travels
several inches more than the delivery of the front roll and causes additional drawing. The movement out of the carriage is called stretch, and at the end of each stretch the rolls are stopped automatically. the required twit being completed, the spindles are stopped and reversed in motion, while the fellers guide the spun yarn away from the top of the spindle and wind it on the cop or bobbin, the carriage approaching the rolls again. after which the same movement.c are repealed continuously. The spinning frames are arranged with an average of 104 spindles to a side of about 27 feet in length, but this number varies according to the gauge or distance be tween centres of spindles. The mules. not hav ing, spinning rings, admit of the spindles being nearly twice as near together. the average num ber per mule being 480, though sonic are built much larger.
In a general way the spinning of other textile fibres is the same as for cotton, the desire being to reduce the strands and to make them of uni form diameter throughout their entire length and to give them the requisite amount of twist. Woolen yarn is spun on a mule as described for spinning cotton, except that the corded roving conies to the mule in a different shape, hieing carded differently and without twist until spun on the mule. Worsted and some cotton yarns are produced by a combing operation which is a special drawing process, the cotton being afterwards worked on the roving frames. while worsted is spun on a frame not unlike the roving frame, the twist being put in by flyers, as the twist in the cotton roving. For the spinning of silk and other fibres, .ee special articles On those fibres.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consult Posselt,Bibliography. Consult Posselt, Structure of Fibres, Yarns, and Fabrics ( Philadelphia, 1890) ; Byrn, Progress of Invention in the Nine teenth Century (New York, 1900) ; and the preliminary chapter in Ash enhurst, and Designing of Textile Fabrics (Bradford, Eng., 1,987). More technical in treatment are the two books by Thomas Thorn ley. Draw Frames and Fly Frames, and Scif,toting Mules (Lon don, 1898). See Loon; WEAVING; TEXTILE MANUFACTURING.