STOCKHOLM, still:1161m. The capital of Sweden. situated at the outlet of the :Millar Lake into the Baltic Sea, in latitude 59° 20' N., longi tude IS° 3' E. (Map: Sweden, H 7). The situation is extremely picturesque, the city being built partly on a number of islands. partly on peninsulas cut off from the mainland by deep fiords, while the waterways both toward the Millar and toward the sea lead through laby rinths of fiords and islands. Stockholm has been called the 'Venice of the North.' but its aspect is entirely different from that of Venice. Both the islands and the mainland are rocky and hilly, with granite knolls exposed on all sides, while a primaeval forest penetrates almost to the heart of the city. The old nucleus. known as Staden (The City), is built on an island lying across the mouth of the Millar channel, and connected by bridges with the northern and southern shores and with the little Riddarholm (knight's island) on the west. It has narrow streets falling steep ly on all sides from the central Storto•get. Skeppholmen. to the east of Staden, is almost wholly occupied by military and naval depots. The remaining parts of the city. Siidermalm on the south shore. Non-maim and Oestermalm on the north shore. and Kungshohnen in the north west, are for the most part regularly laid out with broad and straight streets. Here are also a number of handsome squares. parks, and prome nades, such as the Gustaf Adolfs Tong. with an equestrian statue of Gustavus Adolphus. the KungstradsgArd on the water front with a hand some fountain, and the Humlegird. a large and beautiful pleasure garden. containing a colossal bronze statue of Linnaeus. From Oestermalm bridge leads to the easternmost part of the city— an island about two miles long and three-fourths of a mile wide. known as Djurgfirden from its having formerly been a deer park. It is now laid out as a city park.
The principal churches are the Storkyrka (great church), founded in the thirteenth cen btu, rebuilt in the eighteenth and restored in 1892; the Riddarholins Kyrka, a Gothic struc ture with a perforated iron spire 290 feet high, and the burial place of Swedish kings: the Tyska. Kyrka (German Church ), a German Renaissance building of the seventeenth century ; and the con spicuous Katarina Kyrka crowning the heights of S3dermalm. The royal palace, on the north eastern corner of the Stadsholm, was begun in 1697 in the Italian Renaissance style, and is a large and beautiful rectangular building with four wings inclosing a quadrangle. At the west ern end of the island stands the Riddarhus (knight's house), containing portraits and armo rial bearings of Swedish nobles. Noteworthy also are the new opera house, finished in 1898; the handsome Renaissance building of the National Museum, built in 1850-66, opposite the royal palace on the Blasiehohn; and the large and im posing new building of the Northern Museum, begun in 1898, in the Djurg5rd.
Although Stockholm has no university, it has numerous establishments for higher technical and popular education and an excellent elemen tary school system. The Royal Library had in 1899 381.900 volumes and 11.000 manuscripts. There are theNational Museum, containing fine art collections and a collection of Swedish antiqui ties; the Northern Museum (Nordiska Museet) for Scandinavian ethnology and archeology; a museum of natural history; a biological museum showing groups of Scandinavian mammals in their natural surroundings; an astronomical ob servatory; and numerous scientific and literary associations, the principal of which are the Swedish Academy, the Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Fine Arts, History, and Arche ology.
Stockholm is the largest industrial centre of Sweden next to G5teborg. There are iron foun dries and machine shops, breweries, sugar and cotton mills, and tobacco factories, and manu factures of furniture. soap, food products, and miscellaneous articles, while shipbuilding is also carried on. The city ranks first among Swedish ports in the value of imports, and third in ex ports; the imports in 1897 amounted to $3.307, 520, and the exports to $866,680. The chief ex ports are iron and timber. In 1900 the ship ping at the port amounted to 2255 entries and clearings with a total of 964,367 tons, but in the number and tonnage of its home vessels the city is exceeded by Gliteborg. The approaches to the harbor are intricate and rendered somewhat dangerous by rocky reefs, but the harbor itself is good and provided with dry docks and exten sive wharfage accessible for large ships. to 1895 the harbor was closed by ice about twenty five days in the year, but recently a new ice breaker has been put into service to keep it open. The city is, in general, very progressive in the matter of public works. The population in creased slowly during the first half of the nine teenth century. having been 75.000 in 1780 and 93.000 in 1850. In 1890 it was 246,454, and in 1901 303,356.
Stockholm was founded in 1255 by Birger Jarl, and was for centuries confined to the Stadsholm and Riddarhohn, which were fortified. It was several times besieged and taken by Danish armies, and its wooden buildings were often de stroyed by fire until they were supplanted by stone structures. In 1520 the city was the scene of the 'Stockholm Blood Bath,' when the Danish King Christian IL, in order• to strengthen his position in Sweden, had a large number of Swedish nobles decapitated on the Stortorg. Con sult Wattenbach, Stoekholm, vin Mick auf 8AR-0f as Ilauptstadl (Berlin, 1875).