STONEWORK. Structural and decorative work in stone, whether for buildings of an architectural or of all engineering character ; in cluding. therefore, all kinds of masonry (q.v.) for foundations, piers, walls, vaults. etc., and all kinds of stone-cutting, both constructive and decorative. As other varieties are treated under the appropriate titles, it remains only to treat in this article, very briefly, of the artistic ap plications of stonework. These applications, as distinguishec from sculpture and carving, are found chiefly in decorative details of works of architecture, including such engineering works in stone as are treated with decorative intent, like moldings, columns, bases and caps, pilasters, pedestals, pediments, finials. rustications, balus trades. parapets, and the like. On the technical side, the treatment of these details varies with the material and the design. All such stonework is first 'roughed out,' either at the quarry or at 1.2e stone-cutting yard, into blocks rudely ap proximating the intended form. if the stone is
soft and friable, and the decorative detail com plex or delicate, it is usually built into the structure in this rough form, and finished after wards. The harder kinds of stone, blue-stone, granite and hard marble, and all moldings and blocks of simple form, are cut at the yard, care fully crated or packed and delivered finished at the building. The carved detail of the softer stones is executed 'in place' with the chisel by carvers specially trained for this. On the artistic side stonework is treated with greater or less fineness of finish according to the grain of stone, and the decorative effect sought. The harder granites and marbles are often highly polished, when used as shafts or panels. In heavy work, as on bridges, embankments and the basements of buildings, a rough fractured sur face, called 'rock-face' or 'quarry-face' is often left on each block.