Chile, long the most backward of the South American republics, was greatly aroused by the long residence of Bello and by the coming of many exiled Argentines. Of the succeeding gen eration the publicist and poet Arteaga Alem parte (1835-1880) achieved a poetic triumph in his hymn Al Amor. Isaias Gamboa, in his Poemas (1902) ; the rare and strange Antonio Borquez Solar, in his Oampo lirico (1900) ; and Carlos Walker Martinez in Poesias (1894) and Ro mances Amcricanos (1899) exhibit an elevation of thought and a beauty of versification un equaled elsewhere in Spanish-America and hardly surpassed in Europe. Chilean writers of history and political science, among whom are reckoned trana and the Anumilteguis. enjoy an international reputation, while Alberto cl plan dor, a novel by Rosario Orrego de Fribe, and Contra la, marea, by Alberto del Solar, attest the worth of her writers of fiction.
With the dawn of independence the classic translations and imitations of Valera, Quintana, and Cienfuegos inaugurated the literary history of Argentina, a history which includes that of her neighbor, Uruguay. In Argentina Eche verrfa, one of the first American lyricists, known for his La eautiva, introduced roman ticism directly from the French, and liberated the thought of his own countrymen. Pis fellow citizen Jose Rivera lndarte produced the stirring poem El festin. de Baltasar. and his pupil Juan Maria Gutierrez the lyrics Rccuerdo and A mi caballo. Following these came a host of litterateurs, with centre at Buenos Ayres. or, in time of political proscription, at Montevideo, whose work in poetry and prose has greatly influ enced the political thought and literature of their own and neighboring republics, and has rendered famous the names of the historian Vicente Fidel Lopes, the dramatist Jose Marmol (author also of the novel A walla), and the poet Jose Hernan dez, whose Martin i'icrro has been the most wide ly sold poem of the southern continent. The
norcs silvestres of the dramatist Francisco Javier de Acha, of Uruguay, have also met with a favor able reception, and the Libro extrafio of Francisco Sicardi is one of the best of recant novels. The Historia Argentina (1894) of Mariano A. l'elliza is a monumental work of great merit. In the department of criticism the reristas of Buenos Ayres have occupied•a leading place, and one of their most famous contributors was Juan Bau tista Alberdi, whose Escritos pdstnnios appeared during the last decade. Bartolome Mitre's His toria del general Belgrano is one of the most successful attempts at biographical history that the century has produced. During recent years the prevailing commercialism of the Plata valley has undoubtedly exerted a pernicious effect upon its literature. Central America, in addition to a number of political writers, has contributed to the field of letters the satirist Jose Batres y Mon taint, and the writers of fables Garcia Goyena and Matins Cordoba of Guatemala.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lagomaggio re, liBibliography. Lagomaggio re, li- teraria (Buenos Ayres, 1883) ; Antologia de poetas Hispano-Americanos (Madrid, 1893) ; Me nendez y Pelayo, La ciencia espafiola (ib., 1889) : Rojas, Bibliotcca de escrit-orcs venczolanos con tcmpo•dneos (Paris, 1875) ; Duron, Honduras literaria (Tegucigalpa, 1896) ; La Venezuela litteraire in La Revue, vol. xliv. (Paris, 1903): Beristafn de Souza, Biblioteca hispana-amoricana septentrional, edited by Medina ( Santiago, 1897) Revista critica de historio y literature, vol. vii. (Madrid, 1902) ; To•res-Caicedo, Ensayos bio grolicas y de criticu literaria sabre boa prin eipales poetas y literatos hispano-amcricanos (l'aris, 1863) ; Palma, Lira. americana (ib., 1865).